APUSH Chapters 20-22

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval strategist who argued that sea power was key to national greatness in The Influence of Sea Power upon History.

Hawaii

Annexed by the U.S. in 1898 after the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani, largely for strategic and economic reasons.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized and exaggerated reporting, used to incite public support for the Spanish-American War.

U.S.S. Maine

U.S. battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; sparked the Spanish-American War.

de Lome Letter

Letter from a Spanish diplomat criticizing President McKinley, fueling American anger before the Spanish-American War.

Teller Amendment

Declared the U.S. had no intention of taking political control of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended the Spanish-American War, giving the U.S. control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Reverend Josiah Strong

Protestant clergyman who supported U.S. imperialism, arguing it was a duty to "civilize" weaker nations.

Philippine-American War

Armed conflict (1899-1902) between U.S. forces and Filipino nationalists resisting American rule.

American Anti-Imperialist League

Group opposed to U.S. expansion and imperialism, including figures like Mark Twain.

Platt Amendment

Allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuba’s affairs and maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy promoting equal trade opportunities in China and opposition to European spheres of influence.

Panama Canal

Built by the U.S. (1904-1914) after supporting Panamanian independence from Colombia, vital for trade and military movement.

Roosevelt Corollary

Extension of the Monroe Doctrine stating the U.S. would intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft’s policy of using economic investment to influence Latin America instead of military intervention.

Great White Fleet

U.S. naval fleet sent on a world tour (1907-1909) to demonstrate American military power.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices, such as Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell.

Social Gospel

Religious movement advocating social justice, emphasizing Christian duty to help the poor.

Settlement Houses

Community centers, like Jane Addams’ Hull House, that provided aid to immigrants and the poor.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Led by Susan B. Anthony and Carrie Chapman Catt, fought for women’s voting rights.

Seventeenth Amendment

Allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people rather than state legislatures.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Organization advocating for temperance (prohibition of alcohol) and social reform.

Sixteenth Amendment

Allowed Congress to levy a federal income tax.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policy focused on consumer protection, controlling corporations, and conservation.

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair’s novel exposing unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to food safety reforms.

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

Dispute over land conservation policies between President Taft’s administration and progressives.

Progressive Party

Also called the 'Bull Moose Party,' formed by Roosevelt in 1912 after splitting from the Republicans.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson’s policy promoting anti-trust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reduction.

Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act

Lowered tariffs and introduced the first income tax under the Sixteenth Amendment.

Federal Reserve Act

Created the Federal Reserve system to regulate the banking industry and money supply.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Government agency established to prevent unfair business practices and monopolies.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Strengthened anti-trust laws to prevent monopolies and protected labor unions from being prosecuted as trusts.

Alice Paul

Leader of the National Woman’s Party, used aggressive tactics to fight for women’s suffrage.

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing Americans and increasing tensions leading to U.S. entry into WWI.

National Defense Act

1916 law expanding the U.S. Army in preparation for possible entry into WWI.

Zimmermann Telegram

German proposal to Mexico to attack the U.S. during WWI, intercepted by Britain and angered Americans.

War Industries Board

Government agency that regulated war production and resource allocation during WWI.

Great Migration

Mass movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for jobs during WWI.

Espionage, Sabotage, and Sedition Acts

Laws restricting free speech and punishing anti-war activities during WWI.

Schenck v. U.S.

Supreme Court case ruling that free speech could be limited during wartime if it posed a 'clear and present danger.'

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s post-war plan advocating self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations.

League of Nations

International peacekeeping organization proposed by Wilson but rejected by the U.S. Senate.

Nineteenth Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in 1920.

First Red Scare

Post-WWI fear of communism and radical leftist movements, leading to crackdowns on suspected radicals.