Psych AP Psychologists

Mary Calkins

American psychologist who conducted research on memory

Dorthea Dix

A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalysis; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual

G. Stanley Hall

American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

Jean Piaget

Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children; Sensorimotor; Preoperational

Carl Rogers

Humanist who founded person-centered therapy

BF Skinner

Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments (REINFORCEMENT). He is famous for use of his operant conditioning apparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats.

Margaret Washburn

American psychologist who studied animal behavior; first woman to receive a Phd. in psychology

John B Watson

Behaviorist; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for BABY ALBERT study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

Wilhelm Wundt

Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig

Paul Broca

Discovered area in the brain (named for him) in the LEFT FRONTAL LOBE responsible for language/speech production

Roger Sperry

Scientist who won Nobel Prize for work with SPLIT BRAIN patients that had their corpus collosum severed to treat seizures.

Carl Wernicke

discovered area in LEFT TEMPORAL LOBE (named for him) involved in LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION

Ernst Weber

He pioneered the study on just noticeable difference (JND). It became known as Weber's law; the JND between stimuli is a constant fraction of the intensity of the standard stimulus. E.g. the bigger the standard stimulus

Torsten Wiesel

Discovered feature detector groups of neurons in the visual cortex that respond to different types of visual images.For example

Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment. He believed that personality is not just acquired through direct reinforcement but also is a result of observational learning..

John Garcia

esearched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation

Robert Rescorla

co-developer of a theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive thinking in classical conditioning

Edward Thorndike

Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in instrumental learning such as the law of effect

Edward Tolman

American psychologist who used the terms COGNITIVE MAP and LATENT LEARNING. He studied learning in rats with mazes; rats in maze that were unrewarded showed no sign of learning maze but when given food

Noam Chomsky

Believed humans have an inborn or "native" propensity to develop language.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well

Elizabeth Loftus

Researcher who showedn the influence of (mis)leading information in terms of both visual imagery and wording of questions in relation to eyewitness testimony. Conducted a study with Plamer in 1974.After watching the film participants were asked to describe what had happened as if they were eyewitnesses. They were then asked specific questions

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychologists known for establishing a theory of a hierarchy of needs in which certain lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be met. 1. Physiological: food

Stanley Schachter

developed Two Factor Theory (emotion comes from awareness of body's arousal)

Hans Selye

tudied stress; Created the GAS model of stress; General Adaptation Syndrome"a series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress (alarm

Mary Ainsworth

developmental psychology; compared the effects of maternal separation

Diana Baumrind

her theory of parenting styles had four main types (permissive

Erik Erikson

Neo-Freudian who studied Psychosocial stage theory of development (eight stages) Believed teens are in the stage of identify vs role confusion.

Carol Gilligan

Conducted studies on moral development. She disagreed with Lawrence Kohlberg theory of moral development.She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different

Harry Harlow

studied development

Lawrence Kohlberg

Studied moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? He identified three stage of morality. Preconventional; Convential; Postconvential levels of morality

Konrad Lorenz

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds

Lev Vygotsky

emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

Alfred Adler

1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian

Alfred Binet

1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests

Francis Galton

Contributions: behavioral genetics

Howard Gardner

He devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematical

Robert Sternberg

Created the triarchic theory of intelligence. He believed intelligence consists of three components:analytical

Louis Terman

revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children.

David Wechsler

He established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC for children

Albert Ellis

pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)

Mary Cover Jones

mother of behavior therapy; maintained that fear could be unlearned;she paired a pleasant stimulus (a favorite food) with the feared object (rabbit) to use classical conditioning to rid "little peter" of his fear of rabbits

Joseph Wolpe

developed systematic desensitization.

Solomon Asch

conformity; showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect ; in a famous study in which participants were shown cards with lines of different lengths and were asked to say which line matched the line on the first card in length

Leon Festinger

In 1957 this social psychologist who created the terms cognitive dissonance and the social comparison theory; said that when people are induced to act in ways inconsistent with their beliefs

Stanley Milgram

Researcher who studied obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; Partipants did not know the true purpose of the study so deception was involved. It was looked at as being unethical because of the emotional harm partipants expreinced thinking they were harming another.

Philip Zimbardo

Proved that peoples behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; He conducted the Stanford Prison Study-studied power of social roles to influence people's behavior. Students took on the role of prisons and guards. The study was dicontinued after only 6 days due to emotional harm experienced by the subjects.

Benjamin Whorf

developed concept of "linguistic determinism"

Eleanor GIbson

Researcher who used infants in the visual cliff experiment to determine when human infants can perceive depth.

James Marcia

stage theorist who focused on the adolescent crisis of Erik Erikson and came up for four stages that adolescents pass through while seeking an identity; idenitity diffusion

Edward Titchener

Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of Structuralist school of psychology. Used introspection in his studies

Charles Spearman

saw intelligence as two different abilities both measurable by intelligence tests; the g factor(the genral overall ability to reason and solve problems) s factor(specific intelligence ability to excel in music

Raymond Cattell

Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid for solving unfamiliar problems & crystal intelligence for highly practiced tasks. Crystalized it information such as vocabulary the increase with age. Fluid intelligence involves processing speed and decreases as we age.

Daniel Goleman

Developed the theory of Emotional Intelligence. High emotional intelligence includes: being able to manage own emotions

Gordon Allport

trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal(dominant trait)

Aaron Beck

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs and thoughts cause depression.

Gustav Fechner

early German psychologist credited with founding psychophysics

George Miller

Found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items.

Michael Gazzaniga

Studied of the neural basis of mind with primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research. In his subsequent work he has made important advances in our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres (the left and right sides of the brain )communicate with one another.