Rutgers Biology 115 Exam 1 Review

Analysis of ancient rocks has shown that the atmosphere of early Earth was very low in free oxygen (O_2) and that simple organic compounds probably accumulated in shallow water. Which of the following does this support?

a. Serial endosymbiosis

b. Iron-sulfur world hypothesis

c. RNA world hypothesis

d. Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

d. Oparin-Haldance hypothesis

Identify which statement best describes the term 'Chunking' with respect to learning

a. Learning sets of related information.

b. Studying several hours in one day.

c. Organizing the lecture notes alphabetically

d. Going to several lectures in one day.

a. Learning sets of related information.

A brain injury results in the inability to recall old memories, but new memories can be formed. Hypothesize which process was most likely affected.

a. Retrieval from LTM to STM

b. Encoding from LTM to STM

c. Encoding from STM to LTM

d. Retrieval from STM to LTM

a. Retrieval from LTM to STM

Identify which of the following terms describes changes occurring at synapses that cause an increase in synaptic transmission.

a. Neuronal Plasticity

b. Encoding

c. Retrieval

d. Long Term Potentiation

d. Long Term Potentiation

Correctly SEQ memory formation starting with the stimulus from the environment?

I. Encoding to short term memory

II. Long term potentiation

III. Sensory memory storage

IV. Long-term memory storage

III, I, IV, II

Compare and Contrast long-term and short-term memory. Which of the following are TRUE?

I. Long-term memory is limited in capacity

II. Both are longer in duration than sensory memory storage

III. Short-term memory is unlimited in capacity

IV. Long-term memory is unlimited in duration

II and IV

The transfer of information from short term memory to long term memory is called

a. Encoding

b. Plasticity

c. Stimulation

d. Remodeling

a. Encoding

According to what is known about long term potentiation and memory formation, which of the following are the best ways to prepare each week for workshop?

I. Read the lecture notes several times

II. Attend reviews and actively take notes while watching lecture

III. Make your own organizers for each of the outcomes

IV. Retype the notes several times and bring your laptop to workshop

V. Participate in study groups in which students teach each other the material from lecture

II, III, V

Which of the following interactions are ONLY intramolecular attractions?

I. Polar covalent bonds

II. Hydrogen bonds

III. Nonpolar covalent bonds

IV. Ionic Bonds

I and III

Compare and Contrast chemical bonds. Which statement(s) correctly describe(s) BOTH polar covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

I. Result in the sharing of electrons

II. Always result in an electrically charged molecule

III. Require the involvement of a water molecule

IV. Are interactions involving electrons

IV only

Within a single water molecule, a hydrogen forms a _________________ bond with an atom of ______________.

a. Polar covalent, hydrogen

b. Polar covalent, oxygen

c. Hydrogen bond, oxygen

d. Hydrogen bond, hydrogen

b. Polar covalent, oxygen

Compare and contrast emergent properties of water. Which of the following result from attractions between water molecules?

a. Ice is more dense than liquid water

b. Cohesion results in surface tension

c. Water is a polar molecule

d. Water moves by osmosis

b. Cohesion results in surface tension

Identify which of the following is/are TRUE about excited electrons?

I. The charge becomes positive

II. They move away from the atom's nucleus

III. They have higher kinetic energy

IV. They have higher potential energy

II and IV

Identify which of the following is an example of emergence.

a. The mass of a large molecule is the sum of the mass of its atoms

b. Cells can be broken down into organelles and molecules

c. A water molecule has polarity

d. A bicycle can be broken down into small mechanical parts

c. A water molecule has polarity

Hypothesize what kind of bond is most likely to form between two atoms with a very small difference in electronegativity

a. Hydrogen

b. Covalent

c. Peptide

d. Ionic

b. Covalent

Identify which of the following statements correctly describes hydrolysis/

a. Endergonic

b. Results in peptide bonds

c. Breaks down polymers

d. Used to make polysaccharides

c. Breaks down polymers

What is the CORRECT order of the stages of investigating if grass grows faster in July than in August?

I. Grow 10 different plots of grass and measure their rate of growth and moisture for the months of July and August

II. The hypothesis is supported

III. Predict that grass grows significantly faster when the soil has higher moisture

IV. The observation is that grass grows faster in July than August

V. The hypothesis is that that grass grows faster in July because he soil has more moisture than in August

IV->V->III->I->II

Identify which of the following is/are TRUE about hydrocarbon chains?

I. They can diffuse through a plasma membrane

II. They contain a ration of 1C to 2H to 1 Oxygen

III. They are usually non-polar

IV. They are biological monomers

I and III

Hypothesize how changing the R group on a molecule from a methyl group to a hydroxyl group would change the properties of a shot hydrocarbon.

I. Becomes hydrophilic

II. Becomes acidic

III. Becomes hydrophobic

IV. Can form hydrogen bonds

I and IV

Compare and contrast biological molecules. Which of the following statements correctly describes BOTH of the pictured molecules?

I. Produced as the result of a hydrolysis reaction between monomers

II. Requires the addition of a water molecule to break it into its monomers

III. It is a hydrocarbon

IV. It can interact with water molecules

II and IV

Compare and contrast functional groups. What properties are shared between carbonyl and hydroxyl groups?

a. Are charged

b. Are polar

c. Contain carbon bound to hydrogen

d. Contain nitrogen

b. Are polar

As you sleep all night your blood sugar drops, this triggers the release of glucagon from your pancreas. Glucagon is a hormone that then triggers the release of sugar from your liver. For the sugar to be released, the following reaction must take place in your liver.

a. Dehydration synthesis

b. Hydrolysis

c. Hydrogen bond

d. Glycosidic

b. Hydrolysis

Identify which functional group is primarily responsible for the hydrophilic nature of the primary molecules of plasma membranes.

a. Methyl group

b. Phosphate group

c. Carboxyl group

d. Hydroxyl group

b. Phosphate group

You are swimming in the ocean an encounter a small structure. When you take it back to the lab you find that it is comprised of organic phosphate and hydrocarbons forming a sphere. Inside there are no proteins only some simple sugars and ions. What hav you found?

a. A nucleus

b. Protocell

c. A cell

d. Prokaryotic cell

b. Protocell

In which pair do BOTH terms CORRECTLY describe the earliest cellular life?

a. Autotroph, prokaryote

b. Predator, eukaryote

c. Prokaryote, heterotroph

d. Aerobe, eukaryote

c. Prokaryote, heterotroph

Identify which of the following statements is/are TRUE with regard to protein structure.

I. Formation of primary stricture is spontaneous

II. Alpha helices are an example of tertiary structure

III. Tertiary structure involves interactions between R groups

IV. Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein

III and IV

Correctly sequence evolutionary developments in the history of life.

I. Prokaryotes

II. Endosymbiosis

III. Photosynthesis

IV. Multicellular eukaryotes

V. Terrestrial animals

I, III, II, IV, V

Life on Earth did not leave a fossil record until 3.5 bya. Prior to this, scientists have hypothesized that the precursors to cells must have gone through a series of four steps to form a single cell. Correctly sequence the events that occurred prior to the first cells on earth.

I. Formation of macromolecules

II. Formation of protocells

III. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules

IV. Self0replicating molecules

III, I, II, IV

Oxygen is detrimental to the spontaneous formation of organic monomers because it

a. is an oxidizing agent

b. requires an enzyme to react with other molecules

c. does not react with existing monomers

d. increases the rate of peptide bond formation

a. is an oxidizing agent

Which of the following are requirements for the abiotic synthesis of organic monomers?

I. Inorganic building blocks like CO_2 and H_2

II. Atmospheric oxygen

III. Protein enzymes

IV. An energy source

I and IV

Identify which of the following structures catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds?

a. Nucleus

b. Golgi apparatus

c. Endoplasmic reticulum

d. Ribosomes

d. Ribosomes

Compare and contrast protocells and living cells. Which of the following are characteristics shared by BOTH?

I. Growth followed by division

II. Osmotic swelling

III. Internal environment different from external environment

IV. Information storage and transmission

I, II, and III

Correctly sequence the order in which a hydrolase enzyme passes through the endomembrane system as it is being synthesized and modified

I. Rough ER

II. Golgi Apparatus

III. Secondary lysosome

IV. Primary lysosome

I, II, IV, III

Compare and contrast the domains of life. Which contain(s) cells with an endomembrane system?

I. Archaea

II. Bacteria

III. Eukarya

III only

You are studying a poison that inhibits the formation of vesicles by the endoplasmic reticulum. Hypothesize which of the following steps in protein transport will NOT occur as a result of a cell being exposed to this poison.

I. Tertiary folding of the polypeptide

II. Exocytosis of the protein

III. Synthesis of ribosomes

IV. Formation of peptide bonds

V. Protein modification in Golgi apparatus

II and V

Identify where DNA is found within a bacterium.

a. Lysosome

b. Plasma membrane

c. Nuclear envelope

d. Cytoplasm

d. Cytoplasm

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which structures are found in BOTH types of cells?

I. Nucleoid

II. Ribosomes

III. DNA

IV. Plasma membrane

V. Proteins

II, III, IV, and V

Identify which of the following is a characteristic of the nuclear envelope?

a. Synthesizes ribosomes

b. Is only present in prokaryotes

c. Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

d. Contains structures involved in protein synthesis

c. Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

A researcher is able to use a radioactive marker to label the phospholipids in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. She is also able to track the movement of the marker through the cell. If the cell is functioning normally, hypothesize in which cell structures these labeled phospholipids could eventually be found?

I. Ribosomes

II. Nucleus

III. Golgi apparatus

IV. lysosomes

II, III, and IV

The bulk transport of large molecules by cells

a. Occurs in prokaryotes, but not in eukaryotes

b. Always depends on the input of energy by the cell

c. Is a type of facilitated diffusion

d. Always results in the movement of materials into the cell

b. Always depends on the input of energy by the cell

Identify the type of lipids that are the primary component of the cell membrane.

a. Triglycerides

b. Phospholipids

c. Cholesterol

d. Saturated fats

b. Phospholipids

Hypothesize which of the following membrane functions would be interrupted if all transmembrane proteins were removed from the plasma membrane.

I. Active transport

II. Signal transduction

III. Facilitated diffusion

IV. Simple diffusion

I, II, and III

Identify which of the following move substances BOTH across a membrane and AGAINST the concentration gradient?

a. Proton (H+) pumps

b. Exocytosis

c. Facilitated diffusion

d. Phagocytosis

a. Proton (H+) pumps

Two solutions that are separated by a membrane are at dynamic equilibrium. Water molecules can cross the membrane, but solute molecules cannot. Which statement correctly described this scenario?

a. Water molecules move in both directions across the membrane

b. One solution is hypotonic and the other is hypertonic

c. There is no movement occurring across the membrane

d. Both solutions are hypertonic

a. Water molecules move in both directions across the membrane

A solution that surrounds a cell and causes it to lose water is:

a. Hypertonic

b. Isotonic

c. Hypotonic

d. Odmotic

a. Hypertonic

Which of the following are UNABLE to move through a phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion?

a. Small polar molecules like H2O

b. Nonpolar gasses like CO2

c. Large polar molecules like glucose

d. Hydrocarbons

c. Large polar molecules like glucose

Identify which of the following types of membrane transport are specific.

I. Exocytosis

II. Pinocytosis

III. Facilitated diffusion via ion channels

IV. Simple diffusion

V. Receptor-mediaed endocytosis

III and V

Identify which of the following functional groups is removed from ATP to drive endergonic reactions?

a. -CH3

b. -OPO3^-2

c. -OH

d. -COOH

b. -OPO3^-2

In a redox reaction:

I. The molecule that is oxidized gains an electron(s)

II. At least one free electron is released into the solution

III. The molecule that is reduced gains an electron(s)

III only

Which of the following are TRUE about this reaction?

I. Anabolic

II. Catabolic

III. Exergonic

IV. Endergonic

V. Delta G

II and III

Identify which statement correctly describes ATP.

a. Its hydrolysis is coupled to exergonic reactions

b. It stores potential energy in bonds between phosphate groups

c. Its main components are a lipid and 3 phosphate groups

d. Its hydrolysis is an endergonic reaction

b. It stores potential energy in bonds between phosphate groups

Compare and contrast anabolism and catabolism. Which of the following statements are TRUE?

I. Catabolic reactions build complex molecules

II. Anabolic reactions build complex molecules

III. Anabolic reactions require energy

IV. Catabolic reactions release energy

II, III, and IV

An enzyme that catalyzes an exergonic reaction has been treated with an irreversible inhibitor. Hypothesize how the reaction will change compared to before the inhibitor was introduced.

a. The activation energy will be higher

b. Delta G will change from positive to negative

c. Delta G will change from negative to positive

d. The activation energy will be lower

a. The activation energy will be higher

Which of the following best describes free energy?

a. Energy lost has heat

b. Disorder in a system

c. Energy available to do work

d. Energy in motion

c. Energy available to do work

A gene for a human enzyme (body temperature of 37°C) is inserted into a bacterium that lives in a hot spring (77°C). Hypothesize how this enzyme's activity will change.

a. Denature and stop working

b. It will be unaffected

c. Operate slower due to higher temperature

d. Operate faster at higher temperature

a. Denature and stop working

Identify the main source of energy that excites the electrons during photosynthesis.

a. C6H12O6

b. ATP

c. Light

d. NADPH

c. Light

Correctly sequence the events that occur during photosynthesis

I. Energy used to synthesize ATP

II. Electron moves to a higher energy orbital

III. Energy absorbed from a photon

IV. Electron leaves an atom and is captured by an acceptor

III, II, IV, I

Where does the carbon used in photosynthesis come from?

a. CO2 in the air

b. CO in the air

c. Glucose stored in roots

d. Carbon compounds in the soil

a. CO2 in the air

Identify which of following is the SOURCE of electrons during photosynthesis?

a. C6H12O6

b. CO2

c. O2

d. H2O

d. H2O

Identify which of the following is TRUE for photosynthesis.

a. The overall free energy change is negative

b. Oxygen is a reactan

c. Carbon dioxide is a reactant

d. Overall, it is an exergonic reaction

c. Carbon dioxide is a reactant

Sequence photosynthesis. During the Calvin cycle electrons move:

a. from the stroma to the thylakoid space

b. from CO2 to a sugar

c. from NADPH to G3P

d. from ATP to NADPH

c. from NADPH to G3P

How is O2 used by a plant cell?

a. During respiration as the terminal electron acceptor

b. As the terminal electron acceptor during photosynthesis

c. Plant cells do not require O2

d. As an electron carrier during the light dependent reactions

a. During respiration as the terminal electron acceptor

Compare and Contrast aerobic respiration and photosynthesis. Which of the following occur during BOTH?

I. Protons are pumped across a membrane

II. ATP are produced

III. Electrons move down an electron transport chain

IV. Energy is converted from one form to another

V. Protons (H+) diffuse through ATP synthase

I, II, III, IV, and V

Identify which molecule is oxidized during glycolysis.

a. Glucose

b. Oxygen

c. NAD+

d. Water

a. Glucose

Compare and contrast photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration. Which of the following statements are TRUE for BOTH?

I. Water is reduced and organic carbon is oxidized

II. They are anabolic reactions

III. On net, ATP is produced

IV. Chemiosmosis occurs

IV only

Which of the following is the ultimate destination for electrons in aerobic respiration?

a. CO2

b. ATP

c. H2O

d. Glucose

c. H2O

Glucose enters into a eukaryotic cell through an integral protein that is embedded into the cell's plasma membrane. This protein, called GLUT 1, moves high levels of glucose into the cell through facilitated diffusion. How many ATP are required to move one glucose molecule into a eukaryotic cell?

a. 4

b. 2

c. 0

d. 28

c. 0

Identify where the electron transport chain is located in animal cells.

a. Inner mitochondrial membrane

b. Outer mitochondrial membrane

c. Endoplasmic reticulum

d. Plasma membrane

a. Inner mitochondrial membrane

Sequence cellular respiration. NAD+ is reduced during:

I. Glycolysis

II. Pyruvate oxidation

III. The citric acid cycle

IV. Oxidative phosphorylation

I, II, and III

Sequence cellular respiration. During cellular respiration which of the following molecule(s) is/are reduced?

I. Glucose

II. FAD

III. Carbon dioxide

IV. ATP

V. O2

II and V

Chemiosmosis

Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP.

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Osmotic solution

The solution outside a cell.

Anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules

Catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down

exergonic reaction

A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.

endergonic reaction

A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

facilitated diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels

signal transduction

A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.

bulk transport

The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis

phospholipid bilayer

Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside.

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells, cell eating

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. (cell drinking, ex: Pino is a kind of drink)

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

protocell

a large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane, that carries out some life activities, such as growth and division

RNA world hypothesis

Hypothesis that describes how the Earth may have been filled with RNA-based life before it became filled with the DNA-based life we see today.

iron-sulfur world hypothesis

hypothesis that life began in rocks rich in iron sulfide near deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

how life on earth could have formed gradually from nonliving chemicals

Endosymbiosis

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

hydroxyl group

A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.

carbonyl group

a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules,

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids