HITT 1305 - Exam 1

Root

Core meaning of the word, fundamental meaning of the word 

Prefix 

located at the beginning of a medical term 

Suffix

word parts that are located at the end of words 

Combining form 

When a word root is combined with a combining form vowel the word part =

Combining vowel 

used to join word parts and to ease pronunciation. The most common is an “o,” but sometimes it is an “i” or an “e”

All medical terms contain which word part:

root word

Digestive organs

Stomach

Liver

Gall Bladder

Large & Small Intestine

Integumentary organs

Hair

Skin

Nails

Blood organs

Blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Plasma

Lymphatic organs

Thymus

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Lymphatic Vessels

Male Reproductive organs

Epididymis

Testes

Female Reproductive Organs

Mammary glands

Ovaries

Uterus

Cardiovascular organs

Heart

Blood Vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

Musculoskeletal organs

Muscular (muscles, tendons, ligaments)

Skeletal (cartilage, bones, joints)

Urinary organs

Kidneys

Urinary Bladder

Respiratory organs

Nasal Passage

Trachea

Lungs

Nervous (system) organs

Brain

Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nerves

Endocrine organs

Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland

Pancreas

Adrenal Glands

Testes

Ovaries

1-RHR

Right Hypochrondriac Region

2-RLR

Right Lumbar Region

3-RIR

Right Inguinal Region

4-ER

Epigastric Region

5-UR

Umbilical Region

6-HR

Hypogastric Region

7-LHR

Left Hypochondriac Region

8-LLR

Left Lumbar Region

9-LIR

Left Inguinal Region

Superior (cranial)

a position above or higher than another part of the body proper

Ex: The orbits are ________ to the oris 

Inferior (caudal)

position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column)

Ex: The pelvis is _______ to the abdomen 

Posterior (dorsal)

the back or direction toward the back of the body

Ex: The popliteus is _________ to the patella

Anterior (ventral)

the front or direction toward the front of the body

Ex: The toes are _______ to the foot 

Proximal 

a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body Ex: The brachium is ________ to the antebrachium 

Distal 

a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

Ex: The crusis is _____ to the femur 

Medial 

the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

Ex: The hallux is the ______ toe 

Lateral 

the side or direction toward the side of the body

Ex: The thumb (pollex) is ______ to the digits 

Deep 

position farther from the surface of the body

Ex: The brain is ____ to the skull  

Superficial 

a position closer to the surface of the body

Ex: The skin is ___________ to the bones 

Supine 

A body that is lying down is described as either prone or ______

laying on the back, face up

Prone 

A body that is lying down is described as either _____ or supine 

laying on the stomach, face down

Transverse 

The plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. 

• ___________ planes produce images referred to as cross-sections 

Frontal 

The plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion.  

• The _______ plane is often referred to as a coronal plane (“corona” is Latin for “crown”). 

Sagittal 

The plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides.  

• If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the mid_______ or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a para________ plane or, less commonly, a longitudinal section 

Mid-sagittal (median)

vertical plane that runs directly down the middle of the body

Anatomical Position

The body standing upright with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward 

5 levels of body organization: (smallest (1) to largest (5))

1. cells 

2. tissues 

3. organs 

4. organ systems 

5. organisms 

Ventral (anterior) 

• Thoracic cavity - lungs and the heart

• Abdominopelvic cavity (digestive organs, pelvic cavity, reproductive organs)

Dorsal (Posterior) 

 

• Cranial cavity - brain 

• Spinal (vertebral) cavity - spinal cord

Axial Skeleton

• Skull

• Vertebral column (spine)

• Ribs

• Sternum (breastbone) 

Appendicular Skeleton

• Shoulder and pelvic girdles

• Arms and hands

• Legs and feet 

Closed/Simple (fracture type?)

bones are broken but do not protrude the skin

Open/Compound (fracture type?)

bones are broken and pierce through the skin

Transverse (fracture type?)

bone is broken straight across

Spiral (fracture type?)

the bone has twisted apart

Comminuted (fracture type?)

bones are broken and crushed into pieces

Greenstick (fracture type?) 

bones are partially broken (occurs mainly in children)

Oblique (fracture type?)

bones are broken at an angle

Coles {Colles} (fracture type?)

bones are broken at the wrist or distal radius

Stress (fracture type?)

a small crack in the bone

1st degree burn

a superficial burn that affects epidermis only

skin is painful and swollen, but typically heals on its own within a few days

Ex: Mild sunburn

2nd degree burn

deeper; affects epidermis & some of the dermis

result in swelling and a painful blistering of the skin

Must keep the burn site clean and sterile to prevent infection (If done, will heal within several weeks)

3rd degree burn

fully extends into the epidermis and dermis, destroys tissue & affects nerve endings & sensory function

serious burns that may appear white, red, or black

require medical attention & heal slowly without any 

4th degree burn

severe

affects underlying muscle and bone

Rule of nines

Burns are sometimes measured in terms of the size of the total surface area affected. This is referred to as the _____________, which associates specific anatomical areas with a percentage that is a factor of nine

Sun exposure and vitamins

The absence of ____________ can lead to a lack of vitamin D in the body.

In children, causes rickets. Vitamin D deficiency in elderly may lead to osteomalacia. 

Pleura (type of serous cavity)

surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity and reduces friction between the lungs and the body wall

Pericardium (type of serous cavity)

surrounds the heart and reduces friction between the heart and the wall of the _____________

Peritoneum (type of serous cavity)

surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity. The ____________ cavity reduces friction between the abdominal and pelvic organs and the body wall

Debridement 

Excision of damaged tissues and cell debris from a wound or burn to prevent infection and promote healing 

Rebels

do not follow standard medical terminology language rules

ex: Oste/o/arthr/itis (inflammation of the bone and joint). Instead of keeping the 'o' from arthr/o, the vowel is dropped. 

Stye 

Infection of an oil gland of the eyelid (hordeolum) 

Contusion 

Injury resulting in a bruise 

Nociceptors 

Sensory neurons that respond to pain 

Cataract 

A condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy 

Diplopia 

Double vision 

Proprioception 

Sense of position and movement of the body 

Athlete’s feet 

Tinea pedis – commonly referred to as _______________

Keloid 

A raised or hypertrophic scar 

Benign 

Non-cancerous 

Pallor 

Unnatural paleness of the skin 

Myopia 

Nearsightedness 

Hyperopia 

Farsightedness 

Visual acuity 

Sharpness of vision