PHYL 142 LAB Blood Glucose regulation
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52 Terms
What do endocrine glands secrete?
Hormones
How do hormones travel through the body?
Through the blood
What do hormones bind to?
Target cells
What happens when a hormone binds to a target cell?
It changes the cell’s activity
What do hormones help maintain?
Homeostasis
How is the secretion of most hormones controlled?
Negative feedback
What do body cells break down to make ATP?
Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
What happens to blood glucose between meals?
It drops
What is the nervous system’s preferred fuel source?
Glucose
What is the red blood cells’ preferred fuel source?
Glucose
What do other body cells use between meals to save glucose?
Noncarbohydrate fuels
Why is blood glucose homeostasis important?
It helps the brain and body function
What 2 hormones control blood glucose?
Insulin and glucagon
Where are insulin and glucagon made?
Pancreas
What is the normal blood glucose range?
70–100 mg/dL
What is hypoglycemia?
Low blood glucose
What can hypoglycemia cause?
Dizziness, confusion, and loss of consciousness
What happens to carbohydrates after a meal?
They are broken down into glucose
What happens to blood glucose after eating carbohydrates?
It rises
What is hyperglycemia?
High blood glucose
What hormone is released when blood glucose is high?
Insulin
What happens to glucagon when blood glucose is high?
It decreases
What does insulin do to blood glucose?
Lowers it
How does insulin lower blood glucose?
Moves glucose into cells
What is glycogenesis?
Storing glucose as glycogen
Where is glycogen stored?
In the liver and muscles
What is lipogenesis?
Storing glucose as fat
Where is fat stored?
Adipose (fat) cells
What hormone is released when blood glucose is low?
Glucagon
What does glucagon do to blood glucose?
Raises it
What happens to insulin when blood glucose is low?
It decreases
What does the insulin/glucagon ratio measure?
Balance between glucose storage and blood glucose
What does a HIGH insulin/glucagon ratio mean?
More glucose is being stored
What does a LOW insulin/glucagon ratio mean?
More glucose is being added to the blood
What processes happen with a HIGH insulin/glucagon ratio?
Glycogenesis and lipogenesis
What processes happen with a LOW insulin/glucagon ratio?
Gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
What is gluconeogenesis?
Making new glucose
What is lipolysis?
Breaking down fat
What does lipolysis release?
Fatty acids
What does protein catabolism release?
Amino acids
What can fatty acids and amino acids be used to make?
ATP
What does the liver make when it breaks down fatty acids?
Ketones
Where are ketones released?
Into the blood
What can cells use ketones to make?
ATP
What 3 noncarbohydrate fuels help conserve glucose?
Fatty acids, ketones and amino acids
Why does the body use noncarbohydrate fuels?
To save glucose and maintain normal blood glucose levels
What is blood separated into before testing?
Plasma and formed elements
What are the formed elements of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
What process separates blood into plasma and formed elements?
Centrifugation
What part of the blood is used for these tests?
Plasma
How are glucose and ketones measured?
Enzymatic analysis
How are insulin and glucagon measured?
Radioimmunoassay