test ch 24-25

Akbar the Great:

Greatest Mughal leader, credited with being a great statesman for India, and striving to increase religious toleration.

Battle of Manzihert:

Decisive clash in which the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines, thereby gaining access to Asia Minor for the first time.

Dervish:

Another name for a Sufi, member of mystical order embraced by some Muslims

Devshirme:

Ottoman seizure of young Christian boys, converting them to Islam, and employing them in the army and bureaucracy

Divan:

Royal council of advisors to the Ottoman Sultan

Ghazis:

Frontier warriors who wage holy war against Christians

Grand Vizier:

Head of the civil government, Ottoman version of a prime minister, he answered only to the sultan/caliph

Janissaries:

The well trained elite infantry corps at the heart of the Ottoman army

Madrasa:

Arabic word for educational institution, often a school of religious instruction for Muslims

Mehmed the Conqueror:

Ottoman ruler who finally captured the Christian city of Constantinople after hundred s of years of failed attempts

Millet:

Religious or national minorities conquered by the Ottomans, with rights and self-regulation, led by a sheikh

Mughals:

Founders of a Muslim empire in northern India, ruled India from the 16th to 19th centuries.

Osman:

Turkish chieftain for whom established the Ottoman Empire and for who it was named;

Purdah:

Seclusion of women from all men who weren't family members, begun in Hindu India and spread to the Muslim world

Rubaiyat:

Collection of four-line, poetic verses from twelfth-century Persia

Safavid Empire:

Shi'ite Muslim empire founded in Persia (modern Iran) during the 1500s

Shah Abbas I:

Greatest Safavid ruler, he is credited with expanding the empire and overseeing a cultural flowering

Sharia:

Law and legal concepts derived from the Qur'an and the Sunna

Sheikh al Islam:

Head of the religious bureaucracy of the Ottoman Empire

Sheikh:

Central religious leaders for tariqas believed to possess extraordinary spiritual authority

Sikh:

Religion that began as a blending of Hindu and Islamic principles but evolved into a separate faith stressing meditation

Legitimate trade:

agricultural exports from Africa and imports of European metal, cloth, manufactured goods that replaced the slave trade.

Suleiman the Magnificent:

Ottoman sultan known for his expansion of the empire and his reforms. He is often considered the greatest Ottoman ruler.

Taj Mahal:

Perhaps the most famous structure in the world, it was built by Shah Jahan, a Mughal ruler, as a tomb for his beloved wife

Tariqas:

Religious associations or brotherhoods formed by dervishes/Sufis

Treaty of Karlowitz:

Treaty signed after Ottomans were defeated at the gates of Vienna in 1699

Ulama:

Learned scholars of Sharia

White man's graveyard:

Name long given to Africa because of its physical effect on Europeans including a death rate of 25 percent

Zanzibar Sultanate:

Muslim commercial empire established on the east coast of Africa

Zulu War:

Actually a series of fights wherein the British in southern Africa subjugated the ruling African kingdoms

Anti-Slavery Movement:

Push by Christians in England to rediscover their conscience and end the slave trade among Europeans

Askia Muhammad the Great:

Songhay ruler who promoted in Islam in West Africa

Boers:

Dutch farmers who settled South Africa in the 1600s

David Livingstone:

A missionary, he is credited with being the first European to cross Africa

Dutch East India Company:

Joint-stock corporation responsible for founding Cape Town settlement in South Africa

Hausa:

people that lived in modern Nigeria, mostly farmers and traders or craftsmen

Factories:

English name for coastal trading forts established on the shoreline from which the Europeans would trade with Africans.

Great Trek:

March of the Boers from the Cape Colony to the interior to escape domination by the British when they took over the colony

Tsetse fly:

primary carrier of the sleeping sickness that horses and mules were unable to survive it

Muhammad Ali

appointed leader of Egypt by the Ottomans

Mozambique and Mombasa:

Swahili urban states prior to 1500 that traded around the Indian Ocean

Omani Arabs:

Muslim group in southeastern Arabia who drove out the Portuguese and seized all coastal points north of Mozambique

Shaka:

Zulu leader who attempted to help his people repel incursions by the Boers

Songhay:

Powerful West African Muslim kingdom of the late 1400s to 1591

Spheres of influence:

Areas of Africa where European companies exercised monopoly control trading key commodities like palm oil or rubber

Trek Boers:

Boers who migrated farther inland over time

Mansabdari:

Systems of rewards for military or civil service to the Mughal state. They were given parcels of land and could tax villagers

1650-1870

years of the trans Atlantic African slave trade

8-40 million

What are the lowest to highest estimates of the number of slaves taken from Africa?

Jamestown, Virginia Colony

the place the first African slaves were sold in North America