Neuro Ch. 12

The —— study has shown that experiencing stressful events or chronic stress as a child can lead to several problems as an adult, including increased risks of cancer, heart disease, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder

ACEs

What are possible problems associated with experiencing chronic stress?

worsening symptoms of autoimmune disease, increase in risk of cardiovascular disease, damage to the hippocampus

Barnaby has a phobia of squirrels. Being scared of squirrels is a biti irrational. The “rational” —— sends connections to the amygdala attempting to reduce the fear response when Barnaby sees a squirrel.

prefrontal lobe

The —— amygdala is responsible for sending information about fear to other areas of the brain, such as the PAG, the hypothalamus, and the locus coeruleus.

central

What is an example of the misattribution effect?

A man feels an incredible attraction to a woman after the both ride a roller coaster together.

Going to see a scary movie with some friends is an example of (eustress/distress)

eustress

Studying for final exams is an example of (eustress/distress)

distress

Experiencing harassment at work is an example of (eustress/distress)

distress

Going for a run is an example of (eustress/distress)

eustress

Lifting weights for exercise is an example of (eustress/distress)

eustress

Crashing while riding a bicycle and needing stitches is an example of (eustress/distress)

distress

Someone with a disorder that involves trouble with emotions is said to have a(n) —— disorder.

affective

Which of the following would be considered a somatic marker?

sweaty palms just after making a bad decision

A field of psychology interested in how behavior affects physical and metal health is called:

health psychology

Which scientists look for similar expressions of emotions across cultures?

Charles Darwin, Paul Ekman

The fact that chronic stress can damage a person’s immune system and increase heart disease is a good example of:

the brain-body connection

A tone is played, and then a rat’s foot is shocked. The rat makes an association between the tone and the pain of the shock at the:

lateral nucleus of the amygdala

Which reactions would be involved in the fast stress response?

an increase in the release of alpha-amylase in the mouth, in sympathetic nervous system, adrenaline released from the adrenal medulla

What are the six basic universal emotions according to Paul Ekman?

happiness, disgust, anger, fear, sadness, surprise

What does the P stand for in HPA axis?

Pituitary glan

Dr. Hohmann interviewed people with spinal cord injuries and found that they reported a decrease in the level of emotional response as compared to before the injury. The conclusions of this study support the —— theory of emotions.

James-Lange

Which hormone is released from the hypothalamus after experiencing a stressful event?

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Tatsuya was almost hit by a car. Order the hormones that were released in his body as a part of the slow response to stress from first to last.

CRH, ACTH, glucocorticoids

The emotions of fear and aggression produce different behaviors and are the product of different brain systems. (T/F)

true

If the amygdala is responsible for learning about simple stimuli associate with fear, the —— takes on a larger role in contextual fear conditioning.

hippocampus

If a rat sees a cat approaching, the —— periaqueductal gray will cause the rat to freeze. However, if the cat gets too close to the rat, the —— periaqueductal gray will cause the rat to attempt a defensive attack at the cat and/or run away.

ventral, dorsal

Which of the following would be a result of damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

a difficult time making decisions or choices

What are criticisms of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Different emotions may produce very similar physiological responses, emotions such as anger and aggression can still be shown in a cat even after the cerebral cortex is removed

What scenario best describes the James-Lange theory of emotions?

I see a spider. My heart races, and this physiological response causes me to feel scared.

Lesioning the amygdala will cause the reduction of elimination of offensive aggression. (T/F)

False

Dopamine increases during offensive aggression attacks. (T/F)

true

Serotonin agonists can reduce offensice aggression behavior in rats. (T/F)

true

Which of the following scientists is best known for research on the amygdala and fear?

Joseph LeDoux

Participants in a research study were given a shot of adrenaline (which caused an increase in heart rate) but were told it was a vitamin that would produce no bodily response. When the participants were then put in a room with a happy person, they interpreted their racing hearts as the fact they themselves were happy. However, when put in a room with an angry person, the participants reported being angry. Which theory does this experiment support?

the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory of emotions

Tickling rats is given in the book as an example of research on positive emotions. (T/F)

true

The associated emotional state of the corrugator supercilii is ——

happiness

The associated emotional state of the zygomatic major is ——

disgust, anger, and fear

Being chased by a dog while walking home from school produces (acute/chronic) stress

acute

Being a refugee escaping a war-torn country produces (acute/chronic) stress

chronic

Experiencing racism produces (acute/chronic) stress

chronic

Going through a divorce produces (acute/chronic) stress

chronic

Riding a roller coaster produces (acute/chronic) stress

acute