Ch 11

Cognitive development

The progression of thinking and understanding in children during middle childhood.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's stage from ages 7 to 11 where children think logically about concrete situations.

Decentration

The ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation.

Reversibility

Understanding that objects can change and return to their original form.

Conservation

Recognizing that quantity remains the same even when its shape changes.

Classification

Organizing objects into categories based on shared characteristics.

Seriation

Arranging objects in a sequence according to a specific characteristic.

Transitivity

Understanding relationships between objects, such as size comparison.

Identity

Comprehending that certain qualities of objects remain unchanged despite alterations.

Vygotsky's contributions

Emphasized culture and social interaction in cognitive development.

Scaffolding

Support provided by an instructor or peer to help a child achieve tasks.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Range of tasks a child can perform with guidance but not independently.

Reciprocal Teaching

Method where teachers model cognitive strategies for reading comprehension.

Language Development

Children's ability to use language effectively in various social contexts.

Intelligence

A multifaceted concept with various theories explaining its nature.

Spearman's G Factor

The concept of a general intelligence influencing performance across tasks.

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Proposes that intelligence includes distinct types such as linguistic and spatial.

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Focuses on analytical, creative, and practical aspects of intelligence.

Mental Age

Age-based measure of individual performance against expectations.

IQ

Calculated as Ma/CA × 100, where MA is mental age and CA is chronological age.

Hidden Curriculum

Implicit lessons learned at school, such as social norms and values.

Social Influences on Learning

The impact of teacher expectations and classroom interactions on student success.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Condition characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.

ADHD prevalence

Approximately 6.1 million U.S. children were diagnosed in 2016, mostly boys.

Treatment for ADHD

Often includes behavioral management and medication.

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Characterized by delays in social and language development.

Autism prevalence

Found in 1 in 44 children by age 8, more common in boys.

Concrete thinking

Ability to think logically about tangible experiences.

Egocentric thinking

The inability to differentiate one's own perspective from that of others.

Logical reasoning

The cognitive process of drawing conclusions from premises.

Task achievement

The successful completion of a task with or without assistance.

Teacher ethnicity

The background and identity of teaching staff in relation to their students.

Classroom management strategies

Methods used by teachers to maintain a productive learning environment.

Behavioral management

Approaches to modify behavior in individuals, often used in ADHD treatment.

Learning disorders

Conditions that affect the capability to learn effectively.

Cognitive growth

The developmental changes in thinking and understanding abilities.

Cognitive strategies

Techniques used to enhance understanding and retention of information.

Social context of learning

The environment and culture that influence how learning occurs.

Direct experiences

Learning that occurs through hands-on interaction and observation.

Cognitive performance

How well an individual can think and understand information.

Academic success

Achievement in educational settings, often measured by standardized tests.

Individual support

Targeted assistance provided to help a child's learning.

Testing discrepancies

Differences between IQ scores and achievement test results.

Critical periods of development

Specific times in development when certain skills are easier to acquire.

Implicit learning

Understanding concepts and norms without explicit instructions.

Social interaction

Communication and engagement with others, essential for cognitive development.

Cognitive processes

Mental activities involved in the acquisition, storage, and use of knowledge.

Effective communication

Using language appropriately and effectively in different contexts.

Adaptation in learning

Adjusting educational approaches to fit the needs of diverse learners.

Cultural influences

The effects of cultural background on learning and development.

Learning environments

Settings where learning takes place, impacting educational outcomes.

Constructivist theory

Approach emphasizing active learning and the construction of knowledge.

Peer interaction

Engagement with classmates that enhances social and cognitive skills.

Problem-solving skills

Abilities that enable individuals to resolve challenges and make decisions.

Curriculum design

The planning of educational content and learning objectives.