Genetic Processes: cell parts and functions

SBI3U Lesson #1 (Secours) [NOTE: note everything in the hyperdoc, just what I needed personally]

Cell theory

1) every living thing is made of cells

2) all cells come from pre-existing cells

3) cells are the basic unit of life

The two types of cells are

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells

• Simplest cell types

• Evolved 3.5 bya

• Very small (0.1-10 micrometers)

• Don’t have membrane-bound organelle

• ex: bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells

• More complex, exolved from prokaryotic cells 2 bya

• Means “true nuceus”, DNA is condensed inside a nuclear membrane

• Large (10-100 micrometers)

• Have membrane bound organelle (mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc)

• ex: fungi, plants

identify and label

prokaryotic cell

label the plant cell

A: Nucleus

B: Nucleoplasm

C: Nucleolus

D: Nuclear membrane

E: Rough ER

F: SER

G: Vacuole

I: Chloroplasts

J: Cell wall

K: Cell membrane

L: Mitochondria

M: Golgi vesicles

N: Golgi apparatus

label the animal cell

1: Vacuole

2: Nucleolus

3: Nucleoplasm

4: Golgi apparatus

5: Smooth and Rough ER

6: Cell membrane

7: Centriole

8: Lysosome

9: Microtubes/Cytoskeleton

10: Cytoplasm

11: Mitochondria

Nucleoplasm

where genetic info is found

Nucleolus

center for ribsome synthesis and production of certain proteins

nuclear membrane

protects and controls what enters and exits nucleus (contains pores)

Rough ER

characterized by the presence of ribsomes on the surface, synthesizes and transports proteins

Golgi Apparatus

stores and transports proteins and lipids

Golgi Vesicles

transport molecules produced by other organelles

Lysosomes

acts as “garbage collectors”

Microtubes

filaments that help with structure

what do plant cells have that animal cells lack?

• Cell wall

• Chloroplasts

• Single large vacuole

what do animal cells have that plant cells lack?

• lysosomes

• multiple small vacuoles

asexual reproduction types

1. Budding: formation from a bud, like yeast

2. Vegetative Reproduction: formation of a new plant from stolon🍓, tubers🥔, or rhizomes🍃

3. Parthogenesis: egg is fertilized without sperm (technically not really asexual since sperm is dormant)

4. Fragmentation: parent divides into pieces

how do bacteria and protists divide asexually

binary fission

90% of the cell cycle is spent in

interphase

The three phases of interphase

1. G1: rapid growth, organelles increase in # and size

2. Synthesis: DNA synthesizes and replicates

3. G2: replicates centrioles, prepares the cell for division

Apoptosis

If something goes wrong, one of the control points will detect it, causing the cell to self-destruct. This type of cell death is apoptosis.

In _____, each daughter cell has the ____ # and type of ________as the parent cell

mitosis, same, chromosomes

Which cells in our body get replaced the most?

Stomach cells

the cell cycle’s length is ______ for different cells

different

what makes a cell cancerous?

Many aspects, called hallmarks.

• uncontrolled cell growth (insensitivity to anti-growth signals)

• evasion of apoptosis

• hide from white blood cells

• and more!

How is cancer treated?

surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, oncolytic viruses (emerging)

Stem cell

undifferentiated cell, can develop into different types