History of Psychology, Ch. 9

The new profession of psychology

First constitution adopted by the APA in 1895.

For the advancement of psychology as a science

Year the APA was founded by G. Stanley Hall.

1892

Four primary specialties recognized by the APA in 1981.

Clinical, school, counseling, industrial-organizational

A calling requiring specialized knowledge involving intensive training with a standardized curriculum, high standards of practice, usually supported by a code of ethics and continuing education so practitioners stay current with latest developments.

Profession

Code of ethics for psychology are set by the ____. Code violations can cause a license to be ______.

APA/CPA, revoked

Headed efforts to test soldiers using the Army Alpha/Beta tests during WWI.

Robert Yerkes

Headed personnel selection during WWI. Primary task was to develop selection tests for officers.

Walter Dill Scott

Psychologists were exposed to psychiatric cases in _______ towards the end of WWI.

Army hospitals

Term that first appeared in a medical journal article in 1915. Military attitudes towards victims were very poor, seen as cowards and deserters. Treated by psychologists after the war.

Shell shock

Most early applied psychologists were ____.

Women who couldn’t secure academic jobs

Group formed in 1917 led by JE Wallace Wallin and Leta Hollingworth that served as a credential for the public to identify legitimate psychologists.

American Association of Clinical Psychologists

Called the APA to establish a committee to explore the possibility of a certification in psychology, which would protect the label “psychologist.” Recommended doctoral degree as the minimal level of training for clinical psychs.

Leta Hollingworth

The APA absorbed the AACP in 1919 to avoid dividing psychologists between groups, forming a new branch.

APA Section on Clinical Psychology

What caused applied psychologists to give up on the APA?

Refused to develop an ethics code, unconstitutional to advance the profession

New group that formed in 1930 to improve job opportunities for applied psychologists, influence graduate psychology curricula, promote research in applied psychology, and establish a code of ethics.

Association of Consulting Psychologists

ACP and APA met to create a new organization in 1938. Included clinical, consulting, educational, and industrial sections.

American Association of Applied Psychology

Caused the government to tell the APA and AAAP to work together to organize psychology for the common good. Led to development of a new APA, w/ incorporated AAAP in a new divisional structure. Formed divisions to represent specialty interests in psychology, in 1945.

WWII

Defined 20th century American psychology. Was a huge industry that made publishing companies wealthy and gave applied psychologists job security.

Mental tests

Role of early clinical psychologists.

Administer/score psychological tests, sometimes interpret results

While the results of tests administered by psychologists would lead to diagnosis, strategy for treatment early on was the territory of ____.

Physicians

In the 1930s, clinical psychologists expanded their role from intellectual assessment to ________, which heavy reliance on the ______ test.

Personality assessment, Rorscharch inkblot test

APA established _____ in 1946 to assure minimal quality training for clinical psychologists.

Accreditation program

Distinguished clinical psychologist who was known for clinical acumen and pioneered research on schizophrenia. Created the scientist-practitioner model, still dominant in many clinical/counseling/school psychology programs.

David Shakow

Outcome of the 1949 APA conference in Boulder, CO, whose purpose was to figure out recommendations for how a clinical psychologist should be trained.

Doctoral program, including one-year clinical internship

Dominant therapy in the 1940s-1950s.

Psychodynamic

Dominant therapy in the late 1950s-1960s.

Behavior therapy

Dominant therapies in the later 1960s.

Humanistic, cognitive

Years labeled as a golden age for psychologists, as they became the major providers of psychotherapy and practiced independently.

1970s

Established the first department of applied psychology at Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1915 and the Bureau of Salesmanship Research in 1916.

Walter V.D. Bingham

Physician who promoted a program of physiognomy in selecting workers. Methods were popular with businesses despite psychologists regularly criticizing her work. Businesses eventually abandoned her methods in favor of more scientific approaches.

Katherine Blackford

Studies that caused focus on human relations in the workplace in the late 1920s-early 1930s. Introduced the “organizational” side to I-O psychology. Focused on factors contributing to productivity: Greater attention to assessing worker attitudes, interviewing workers, providing counseling programs in workplaces, allowing workers to have input on workplace norms, encouraging collaborative teams.

Hawthorne studies

Field brought out by WWII, then used in larger companies after the war. Meant to aid in designing equipment that involved human interface so operation of equipment was more efficient/safer.

Human factors psychology

Specialty field that trains practitioners whose education typically stops at masters level. Work for schools, test children, meet with teachers/parents/other specialists to see that children get the special services they need to succeed academically.

School psychology

First person to hold the title of school psychologist. Established a research lab and clinic on child development at Yale.

Arnold L. Gesell

Focuses of early psychology programs in schools.

Identify mentally defective children to move them to special schools, assess children for giftedness to recommend them for accelerated learning experiences

City that first established certification programs that required school practitioners to have a masters in psych, at least one year of school experience, and a passing score on an exam. Stimulated growth of training programs, and first to offer certification for school psychologists.

NYC

Published the first book written on school psychology: Psychological Services for School Problems, 1930.

Gertrude Hilbreth

First Latino to earn a doctorate in psychology. A tireless advocate to eliminate barriers to education for Latino students, including over-reliance on prejudicial mental tests.

George I. Sanchez

Organization for masters- and doctorate-level school psychologists, founded 1969.

National Association for School Psychologists

Heritage for counseling psychology.

Vocational guidance movement, personnel work of I-O psych

Name of the first APA division for counseling psychology, established 1945.

Division of Personnel and Guidance Psychologists

Early work for counseling psychologists n the 1920s.

University counseling centers, used intellectual/personality assessments to aid students esp. in career counseling

Major impetus in shifting counseling psych toward a primary role of mental health counseling.

WWII

Act passed by the government in 1946 that established the National Institute of Mental Health and poured money into research and training programs for clinical/school/counseling psychologists.

National Mental Health Act

Goal of counseling psychology, determined by a conference organized by Northwestern University in 1951 to define the field.

To foster psychological development of individuals, including all people on the adjustment continuum from those who function at tolerable levels of adequacy to those suffering from more severe psychological disturbances

Influenced counseling programs to develop psychotherapy skills as part of treatment practices. First described these practices in a 1942 book Counseling and Psychotherapy.

Carl Rogers

Offered an alternative training model to the Boulder model that called for greater emphasis on the practitioner side of the scientist-practitioner training. Recommended a new degree Doctor of Psychology specifically for practitioners.

Vail Conference 1973

Founded two campuses of the California School of Professional Psychology. Were independent of any university and focused on training for psychological practitioners. Founded the National Council of School of Professional Psychology.

Nicholas Cummings