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Blending theory of inheritance
Offspring exist as a middle ground between parents
Doctrine of the fixity of species
Each speicies was created by God with unchanging characteristics
Mendel’s Particulate theory of Inheritance
Inheritance comes from the passing of discreet particulate factors (genes) from parent to offspring.
How many copies does each Gene have
Two
Does each plant’s reproductive organ include male or female sex organs
both
The Anther
The male sex organ in a plant
The Stigma
The female sex organ in a plant
Purebred plants
Inbred plants
Phenotype
Physical trait expressed
Genotype
Whats “under the hood”
Mendel’s law of random segregation
when an organism produces gametes, each gamete recives a gene copy at random
Gamete
Reproductive cells for men and women
Separation of allele pairs
First separate when gametes form, then the mothers egg allele matches with the fathers sperm allele, making a complete pair again.
The Law of probability
An independent action occurring should not effect another independent action
Chromosome
A structure contained in the Nucleus that holds DNA and genes
What surrounds the nucleus?
Gelatinous Cytoplasm
What do the plant cell walls hold
the cell membrane
What is responsible for storing the cells genetic membrane
The nucleus
How many genes does each chromosome hold
100-1000+
Homologues chromsomes
two copies or versions of a chromosome, held in the nucleus. exempt in gametes
Prokaryotes
Cells that lack a nucleus
Eukaryotes
Cells that have a nucleus
Diploid cells
Cells that contain two copies of each chromosome
Haploid cells
Cells that have a single set of chromosomes
Genome
The cells DNA that is packed into chromosomes
Chromatins
mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells
What is an example of how Mendel’s ideas are limited
Skin Color
Co-dominant Alleles
Alleles that are expressed equally
Polygenetic inheritance
A characteristic that is controlled by two or more genes. Is often a combination of genes and environments
Which Chromosome carries many genes responsible for physical traits
The X chromosome
Which chromosome carries little genes responsible for physical traits
The Y chromosome
Why do some Mendelian traits occur more in men than woman
Because men carry one less X chromosome, so a recessive is more likley to be expressed
Chromosomal Nondisjunction
Occurs in meiosis, after the chromosome tetrads form, and they fail to separate as meiosis proceeds
What does Chromosomal nondisjunction lead to
gametes with one fewer chromosome (monosomic) or gametes with one or more extra chromosome (trisomics)
XO
Monosomic
XXY
Trisomic
Turners syndrome
XO; Have female phenotypes but underdeveloped sex organs and infertile
Klinefelter syndrome
XXY; Has male phenotypes but underdeveloped sex organs and infertile
What determines what is a male
A Y chromosome, not a lack of a second X chromosome
Nucleic acids
Large polymer molecules made from nucleotide monomers that store and transmit genetic info, and regulate protein synthesis.
Where do unique characteristics come from
The way and order nucleic acids appear
DNA
A chain of nucleic acids in a particular sequence
DNA Nucleotides
ATGC
RNA Nucleotides
AUGC
Difference between DNA and RNA
RNA has oxygen; DNA is larger; RNA only one strand and makes proteins
Transcription
DNA to RNA transformation
Translation
RNA to proteins
Proteins
Large polymers molecules made from amino acid monomers
What contains Nitrogen
Proteins, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Monomers
Atom or small molucle that bonds together to form polymers
Polymers
Large molecules composed of similar smaller molecules in a chain-like link
Two Major parts of Metabolism
Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism
Uncoupling of complex molecules into their monomers. These monomers are used in the synthesis of gens and other important biological molecules
Anabolism
The coupling of monomers into the complex molecules
Metabolism
A highly orderec set of chemical reactions regulated by enzymes
Enzymes
Special proteins that speed up the reaction time, but cannot make one happen if was not going to initially
What are biologically functional molecules containing one or more polypeptides into unique 3D structures
Proteins
Polymerization
Joins monomers into polymers
When two monomers join together in a covalent bond what is lost
A molecule of water
How many amino acids go into making protein
20
A peptide bond
What holds the polymer together after the water molecules are lost
Major Structures of protein
Primary, Secondary, tertiary structure, and quaternary (not found in all protein)
Proteins account for what percent of a organisms dry weight
50
Role of proteins
Speeding up reactions, defense, cellular communication, and structural support
How do proteins become denatured
It’s unique structure is disrupted
Polypeptides
Amino acids joined by peptide bonds
How are quaternary structures are formed
When a protein contains two or more polypeptides
DNA directs what
It’s replication and of RNA
RNA directs what
Synthesis of protein
What are Nucleotides’s 3 main components
5C sugar (pentose), a nitrogenous base, and 1-3 phosphate groups
Nucleoside
The end of nucleotide without a phosphate group
Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine and uracil) vs Purines (adenine and guanine)
Purines are two-carbon nitrogen ring bases while pyrimidines are one-carbon nitrogen ring bases.
Where is DNA found
Cell nucleus
Genetic information Flow
DNA → RNA → Protiens
Thymine is only found where
DNA
Uracil is only found where
RNA
Sugar attached to DNA
Deoxyribose
Sugar for RNA
Ribose
Deoxyribose lacks oxygen where
Second C atom
Polymerase
An enzyme that synthesizes nucleic acids or long chains of polymers
How does transcription occur
The DNA opens up, and a RNA binds it to an enzyme (transcriptase). Forms a RNA with information
How does translation occur
The RNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm to associate with the ribosome, which reads the info 3 bases at a time, in order to synthesis protein
Note 
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