Bio exam 2

Blending theory of inheritance

Offspring exist as a middle ground between parents

Doctrine of the fixity of species

Each speicies was created by God with unchanging characteristics

Mendel’s Particulate theory of Inheritance

Inheritance comes from the passing of discreet particulate factors (genes) from parent to offspring.

How many copies does each Gene have

Two

Does each plant’s reproductive organ include male or female sex organs

both

The Anther

The male sex organ in a plant

The Stigma

The female sex organ in a plant

Purebred plants

Inbred plants

Phenotype

Physical trait expressed

Genotype

Whats “under the hood”

Mendel’s law of random segregation

when an organism produces gametes, each gamete recives a gene copy at random

Gamete

Reproductive cells for men and women

Separation of allele pairs

First separate when gametes form, then the mothers egg allele matches with the fathers sperm allele, making a complete pair again.

The Law of probability

An independent action occurring should not effect another independent action

Chromosome

A structure contained in the Nucleus that holds DNA and genes

What surrounds the nucleus?

Gelatinous Cytoplasm

What do the plant cell walls hold

the cell membrane

What is responsible for storing the cells genetic membrane

The nucleus

How many genes does each chromosome hold

100-1000+

Homologues chromsomes

two copies or versions of a chromosome, held in the nucleus. exempt in gametes

Prokaryotes

Cells that lack a nucleus

Eukaryotes

Cells that have a nucleus

Diploid cells

Cells that contain two copies of each chromosome

Haploid cells

Cells that have a single set of chromosomes

Genome

The cells DNA that is packed into chromosomes

Chromatins

mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells

What is an example of how Mendel’s ideas are limited

Skin Color

Co-dominant Alleles

Alleles that are expressed equally

Polygenetic inheritance

A characteristic that is controlled by two or more genes. Is often a combination of genes and environments

Which Chromosome carries many genes responsible for physical traits

The X chromosome

Which chromosome carries little genes responsible for physical traits

The Y chromosome

Why do some Mendelian traits occur more in men than woman

Because men carry one less X chromosome, so a recessive is more likley to be expressed

Chromosomal Nondisjunction

Occurs in meiosis, after the chromosome tetrads form, and they fail to separate as meiosis proceeds

What does Chromosomal nondisjunction lead to

gametes with one fewer chromosome (monosomic) or gametes with one or more extra chromosome (trisomics)

XO

Monosomic

XXY

Trisomic

Turners syndrome

XO; Have female phenotypes but underdeveloped sex organs and infertile

Klinefelter syndrome

XXY; Has male phenotypes but underdeveloped sex organs and infertile

What determines what is a male

A Y chromosome, not a lack of a second X chromosome

Nucleic acids

Large polymer molecules made from nucleotide monomers that store and transmit genetic info, and regulate protein synthesis.

Where do unique characteristics come from

The way and order nucleic acids appear

DNA

A chain of nucleic acids in a particular sequence

DNA Nucleotides

ATGC

RNA Nucleotides

AUGC

Difference between DNA and RNA

RNA has oxygen; DNA is larger; RNA only one strand and makes proteins

Transcription

DNA to RNA transformation

Translation

RNA to proteins

Proteins

Large polymers molecules made from amino acid monomers

What contains Nitrogen

Proteins, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Monomers

Atom or small molucle that bonds together to form polymers

Polymers

Large molecules composed of similar smaller molecules in a chain-like link

Two Major parts of Metabolism

Catabolism and Anabolism

Catabolism

Uncoupling of complex molecules into their monomers. These monomers are used in the synthesis of gens and other important biological molecules

Anabolism

The coupling of monomers into the complex molecules

Metabolism

A highly orderec set of chemical reactions regulated by enzymes

Enzymes

Special proteins that speed up the reaction time, but cannot make one happen if was not going to initially

What are biologically functional molecules containing one or more polypeptides into unique 3D structures

Proteins

Polymerization

Joins monomers into polymers

When two monomers join together in a covalent bond what is lost

A molecule of water

How many amino acids go into making protein

20

A peptide bond

What holds the polymer together after the water molecules are lost

Major Structures of protein

Primary, Secondary, tertiary structure, and quaternary (not found in all protein)

Proteins account for what percent of a organisms dry weight

50

Role of proteins

Speeding up reactions, defense, cellular communication, and structural support

How do proteins become denatured

It’s unique structure is disrupted

Polypeptides

Amino acids joined by peptide bonds

How are quaternary structures are formed

When a protein contains two or more polypeptides

DNA directs what

It’s replication and of RNA

RNA directs what

Synthesis of protein

What are Nucleotides’s 3 main components

5C sugar (pentose), a nitrogenous base, and 1-3 phosphate groups

Nucleoside

The end of nucleotide without a phosphate group

Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine and uracil) vs Purines (adenine and guanine)

Purines are two-carbon nitrogen ring bases while pyrimidines are one-carbon nitrogen ring bases.

Where is DNA found

Cell nucleus

Genetic information Flow

DNA → RNA → Protiens

Thymine is only found where

DNA

Uracil is only found where

RNA

Sugar attached to DNA

Deoxyribose

Sugar for RNA

Ribose

Deoxyribose lacks oxygen where

Second C atom

Polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes nucleic acids or long chains of polymers

How does transcription occur

The DNA opens up, and a RNA binds it to an enzyme (transcriptase). Forms a RNA with information

How does translation occur

The RNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm to associate with the ribosome, which reads the info 3 bases at a time, in order to synthesis protein