NURS 3366: INFECTION

Exam 2

beta lactam resistance

molecular structure called a *beta-lactam ring; ex of penicillins—methicillin, amoxicillin*→ certain microbes mutated → developed an enzyme, __beta-lactamase__ → destroy beta-lactam antibiotics by dismantling the __beta lactam ring__

__**MRSA**__: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

normal skin bacteria that is now resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics; contact

**Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae**

a bacteria, which causes middle ear infections, that is now resistant to penicillin antibiotics; droplet

__**VRE**__—vancomycin-resistant enterococcus

Normal bowel flora that has become resistant to vancomycin; contact

__cellulitis__

infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue → milder staph infection (impetigo(itchy& contagious blisters)) or Staphylococcus aureus becomes opportunistic

* tx w/ abx

__botulism__

toxin heads for neuromuscular nerve synapses & blocks __acetylcholine__ muscle receptor cells

__botulism S&S__

descending, symmetric (muscle) paralysis, including respiratory;

* “floppy baby syndrome”—seen in infants (

__botulism tx__

temporary mechanical ventilation, other supportive t

__tetanus__

Bacillus found in the soil that can release an endotoxin called tetanospasm. The illness is AKA "lockjaw"

tetanus tx

antibx & TIG

__rabies__

vector- borne virus which causes dysphagia and brain inflammation when in CNS.

rabies S&S

S&S of anxiety, agitation, confusion, convulsions, production of large amount saliva, plus __dysphagia__ =

* “foaming at the mouth” & “hydrophobia” (not really a fear of water just can’t swallow).

rabies tx

treatment needs to begin within first 14 days with post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) -- one dose of rabies immunoglobulin and four doses of rabies vaccine

* without tx, almost always fatal.

malaria

Protozoa infects RBCs causing RBC hemolysis and the release of acute phase reactants.

malaria S&S

high fever, chills, arthralgia, anemia, splenomegaly, cerebral ischemia, heart failure

malaria tx

__malaria vaccination__ in children, or with __quinine-based drugs, mosquito nets, use of insect repellant__ that contains DEET. __Antiparasitic or IV antimalarial drugs__ once diagnosed

__Zika__

Transmission (spread) occurs from mosquito bites or –person-to-mosquito-to-person; from a pregnant woman to her fetus; or by sexual transmission; repellants that contain DEET

Zika S&S

flu-like S&S; birth defects: __microcephaly__ (brain and head smaller than normal)

Zika dx

blood or urine test can confirm a diagnosis

Zika tx

supportive care = fluids, rest, acetaminophen

__strep throat__

caused by Streptococcus pyogenes invades via coughing, sneezing

__strep throat S&S__

red, sore throat, often white patches on tonsils

* other strains: *scarlet fever &* fever and rash that can cover whole body

__strep throat tx__

get abx early to prevent autoimmune dz (__rheumatic fever or rheumatic valve/heart disease)__

__diphtheria__

Bacteria that causes the formation of a  pseudomembrane across tonsils & throat (URI); droplet

__pertussis__

“__whooping cough__”; Invades the respiratory tract causing a violent cough; droplet

__mumps__

virus that invades parotid glands—swelling, fever; main complication is infertility in males

__measles__

“__rubeola__”; airborne

__measles S&S__

dense red maculopapular rash starting on head & going down to body; also fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, *encephalitis;* ENDEMIC

__rubella__

virus causes mild fever and rash but has a teratogenic effect on a fetus.

rubella S&S

milder virus & mild S&S—fever, rash, swollen glands

varicella

“chicken pox”; very contagious—spread via direct inhalation of virus; mortality very low, except in the immunocompromised person; person is contagious till the last lesion crusts; airborne

__variola__

“small pox”; inhaled virus, and also manifests as vesicles; dense clusters that start in the face & extremities → trunk; airborne

__variola S&S__

Virus which causes fever and painful pustules in the mouth & esophagus that may hemorrhage

__zoster__

“shingles”; “herpes” S&S include painful skin lesions that follow the path of the dermatome

__influenza__

“flu”; upper respiratory infection that can be prevented with a yearly vaccine airborne respiratory __droplets__

influenza S&S

fever, chills, myalgia, malaise, dry cough, headaches

__dysentery__

this is what infectious diarrhea is called when it is __*bloody*__ *& severe;* __*fever and dehydration*__

*bacillary* dysentery

Bloody diarrhea caused by a bacillus; shigella

*amoebic* dysentery

Bloody diarrhea caused by a protozoa

bacterial diarrhea

Non-bloody diarrhea caused by E Coli contaminated beef; Non-bloody diarrhea caused from Salmonella contaminated fruit.

viral diarrhea

mild vomiting and watery diarrhea

dysentery patho

cause damage to the mucosal surface of the gut → blood & mucous as well as pain with bowel movements—all this is due to __infection & inflammation of intestinal lining__

__giardiasis__

drinking contaminated water; ex—well-water, river water; can be transmitted person-to-person by oral/fecal route

__giardiasis etiology__

diarrhea which is greasy, frothy, full of fat, foul-smelling but NOT bloody; tx w/ abx

__antibiotic associated diarrhea__

__“pseudomembranous colitis”__; inflammation of colon;

* Yellowish diarrhea caused from Clostridium difficile.

__antibiotic -associated diarrhea tx__

stop antibiotics, IV fluids, put on other c-diff specific antibx

* infection can reoccur, no prevention