Zoology Exam 1 Flash

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Biology

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122 Terms

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eukaryotes
organisms that contain membrane-enclosed nuclei
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prokaryotes
bacteria, blue-green bacteria
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autotrophic
makes their own food; plants and Protista
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heterotrophic
feeding on an outside source; Protista, animals, fungi
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Carolus Linnaeus
(1707-1778) Founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms. Developed two part system of naming organisms. (Believed organisms could not change.)
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evolution
Theory about change in populations of organisms over time. It is the process to explain patterns in organisms (diversity, distribution, morphology, behavior, ecology)
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homologous structures
structures found among species because of common ancestry
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analogous structures
structures found among species but not because of ancestry
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vestigial structures
remnant structures that had greater function in ancestry
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rudimentary structures
"platform" structures; in place and available for additional modification
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phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of species. Evolutionary diversification; degree of relatedness among organisms
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systematics
study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms
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taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified
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cladogram
Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
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clades
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
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synapomorphy
shared derived characteristics
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monophyletic groups
a common ancestor and all of its descendants
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polyphyletic groups
members can be traced to separate ancestors
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multicellular
Made up of more than one cell; cells grouped into larger units for specialized functions
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multiple germ layers
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
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Endoderm
the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
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Mesoderm
middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
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Ectoderm
outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin
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Fitness
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment; enables organisms to obtain greater size, partition function, withstand environmental changes
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bilateral symmetry
Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.
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radial symmetry
The quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point.
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segmentation
the process of dividing a larger market into smaller pieces based on one or more meaningfully shared characteristics
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coelomates
animals that possess a true coelom
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acoelomates
triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity
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pseudocoelomates
triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom
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lophophore
A horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall bearing ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth.
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trochophore
a free-swimming, ciliated larva of many worms and some mollusks
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ecdysis
periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles
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deuterostomes
Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus during early embryonic development
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protostomes
Animals with mouths that develop from or near the blastopore
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zygote
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
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Cleavage
cell division, especially of a fertilized egg cell.
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morula
A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization.
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blastula
The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development
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invagination
the action or process of being turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity or pouch.
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blastopore
the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.
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gastrula
An embryonic stage in animal development encompasses the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
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embryology
the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
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pharyngeal slits
allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract
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pharyngeal slits fitness:
feeding initially, later associated with respiration
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notochord
A rod of fibrous, flexible material that runs the length of a creature's body, providing the majority of its support
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notochord fitness:
coordinated movement
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dorsal nerve chord
bundle of neurons for sensory, motor response, and memory storage (ectoderm derived)
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post anal tail
a tail that extends beyond the anus; exhibited by all chordates at some stage of development
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post anal tail fitness:
mobility or burrowing initially (and contemporary) plus other derived fitness aspects (stability/balance, communication, protection)
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Braincase/cranium/neurocranium
cartilage or bony protection of nervous system in the head region
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semicircular canal
passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium
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jaws
Mesoderm derived, cartilaginous or bony structures used primarily for feeding (Derived from the first pharyngeal slit)
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paired appendages
Two, paired structures of cartilage, bone, muscle, skin, and nerves (but not in all)
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paired appendages fitness:
movement of organisms, likely acted as a keel, then mobility structures themselves.
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swimbladder
Structure seen in bony fish that help them float (eventually evolved into lungs)
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lungs
two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration
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unique support skeleton in limbs
Sarcopterygii have unique supporting bones inbetween the scapula and the fin structure.
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unique support skeleton in limbs fitness
mobility around vegetation, later for mobility on land
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pectoral and pelvic limbs with digits
bony/cartilaginous structures connected to USS, used for land mobility, defense, etc.
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extraembryonic membrane
Membrane that is not a part of the embryo but is necessary to the continued existence and health of the embryo
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basal groups
represent taxa that diverge at a point close to the common ancestor
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terminal groups
represent the end of the branches or clade.
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primitive
should not be used to describe an organism • used to describe specific traits (may resembles basal taxa).
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derived
any state of change from an ancestral condition, a mutated state.
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cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
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flagella
whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
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pseudopodia
a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding.
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pinacocytes
thin, flat cells that line the outer surface of a sponge
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pinacocytes function
movement (contracting and stretching), cell adhesion, signaling, phagocytosis, and polarity.
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mesenchyme cells
amoeboid cells that are specialized for reproduction, secreting skeletal elements, transporting and storing food, and forming contractile rings around openings in the sponge wall
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choanocytes
Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges
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Choanocytes function
create water current
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ostia
The intake pores on a sponge
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oscula
large pores in a sponge's body wall through which water exits the body
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spicules
small, spike shaped particles of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges
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spongin
a fibrous protein that contains sulfur and composes the fibers of the skeleton of some sponges
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archeocytes
specialized cells that move around the walls of the sponge and create spicules and do other things
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gemmules
As proposed by Darwin, the units of inheritance, supposedly accumulated in the gametes so they could be passed on to offspring.
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asconoid
Simplest form of sponges, with canals leading directly from the outside to the interior
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syconoid
1 of 3 body patterns for sponges; spongocoel is folded canals, canals lined with choanocytes, increases surface area.
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leuconoid
all large sponges, no central cavity, narrow canals, many small interconnected chambers
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Word association (Classification vs. common name) for Class Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae
calcareous sponges, glass sponges, bath sponge
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Science
the explanation of phenomena (patterns) through the examination of natural causes (processes)
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Radial symmetry fitness:
associated with sessile organisms, sense their environment 360°
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Bilateral symmetry fitness:
associated with forward movement, sense their environment as they move unidirectionally (leads to cephalization)
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Echinodermata
radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers
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Hemichordata
phylum of acorn worms
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3 (unique) Characteristics of Protista:

1. heterotrophic or autotrophic
2. locomotion with undulipoda/pseudopodia
3. can be unicellular or multicelluar
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hydrostatic skeleton
A fluid skeleton in many soft-bodied invertebrates, including annelids, that allows an organism to change shape but not volume.
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Kingdom protista
lower link in the food web and nutrient recycling
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Giardia
Common place in untreated waterways, causes diarrhea, cramping. Takes a long period to fully treat.
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Fungi
Heterotrophic, Single and multicellular, Nutrients via absorption
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Choanoflagellates
\-Single cell or colonial

\-Free-swimming and sessile

\-Some parasitic
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Opisthokonts
organisms from an ancestor with posterior flagellum (includes fungi, animals, and some protists)
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Porifera
body consist of aggregations of cells (multicellular), cell types with different functions, but do not form tissues (no germ layers), Filter feeders
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dioecious
Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals
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monoecious
having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal
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rudimentary structures
"platform" structures; in place and available for additional modification
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Hydrozoa characteristics

1. cnidocytes epidermis
2. medusal + polyp stage