Zoology Exam 1 Flash

eukaryotes

organisms that contain membrane-enclosed nuclei

prokaryotes

bacteria, blue-green bacteria

autotrophic

makes their own food; plants and Protista

heterotrophic

feeding on an outside source; Protista, animals, fungi

Carolus Linnaeus

(1707-1778) Founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms. Developed two part system of naming organisms. (Believed organisms could not change.)

evolution

Theory about change in populations of organisms over time. It is the process to explain patterns in organisms (diversity, distribution, morphology, behavior, ecology)

homologous structures

structures found among species because of common ancestry

analogous structures

structures found among species but not because of ancestry

vestigial structures

remnant structures that had greater function in ancestry

rudimentary structures

"platform" structures; in place and available for additional modification

phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species or group of species. Evolutionary diversification; degree of relatedness among organisms

systematics

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

cladogram

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

clades

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

synapomorphy

shared derived characteristics

monophyletic groups

a common ancestor and all of its descendants

polyphyletic groups

members can be traced to separate ancestors

multicellular

Made up of more than one cell; cells grouped into larger units for specialized functions

multiple germ layers

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

Fitness

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment; enables organisms to obtain greater size, partition function, withstand environmental changes

bilateral symmetry

Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.

radial symmetry

The quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point.

segmentation

the process of dividing a larger market into smaller pieces based on one or more meaningfully shared characteristics

coelomates

animals that possess a true coelom

acoelomates

triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity

pseudocoelomates

triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom

lophophore

A horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall bearing ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth.

trochophore

a free-swimming, ciliated larva of many worms and some mollusks

ecdysis

periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles

deuterostomes

Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus during early embryonic development

protostomes

Animals with mouths that develop from or near the blastopore

zygote

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

Cleavage

cell division, especially of a fertilized egg cell.

morula

A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization.

blastula

The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development

invagination

the action or process of being turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity or pouch.

blastopore

the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.

gastrula

An embryonic stage in animal development encompasses the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

embryology

the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.

pharyngeal slits

allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract

pharyngeal slits fitness:

feeding initially, later associated with respiration

notochord

A rod of fibrous, flexible material that runs the length of a creature's body, providing the majority of its support

notochord fitness:

coordinated movement

dorsal nerve chord

bundle of neurons for sensory, motor response, and memory storage (ectoderm derived)

post anal tail

a tail that extends beyond the anus; exhibited by all chordates at some stage of development

post anal tail fitness:

mobility or burrowing initially (and contemporary) plus other derived fitness aspects (stability/balance, communication, protection)

Braincase/cranium/neurocranium

cartilage or bony protection of nervous system in the head region

semicircular canal

passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium

jaws

Mesoderm derived, cartilaginous or bony structures used primarily for feeding (Derived from the first pharyngeal slit)

paired appendages

Two, paired structures of cartilage, bone, muscle, skin, and nerves (but not in all)

paired appendages fitness:

movement of organisms, likely acted as a keel, then mobility structures themselves.

swimbladder

Structure seen in bony fish that help them float (eventually evolved into lungs)

lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

unique support skeleton in limbs

Sarcopterygii have unique supporting bones inbetween the scapula and the fin structure.

unique support skeleton in limbs fitness

mobility around vegetation, later for mobility on land

pectoral and pelvic limbs with digits

bony/cartilaginous structures connected to USS, used for land mobility, defense, etc.

extraembryonic membrane

Membrane that is not a part of the embryo but is necessary to the continued existence and health of the embryo

basal groups

represent taxa that diverge at a point close to the common ancestor

terminal groups

represent the end of the branches or clade.

primitive

should not be used to describe an organism • used to describe specific traits (may resembles basal taxa).

derived

any state of change from an ancestral condition, a mutated state.

cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

pseudopodia

a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding.

pinacocytes

thin, flat cells that line the outer surface of a sponge

pinacocytes function

movement (contracting and stretching), cell adhesion, signaling, phagocytosis, and polarity.

mesenchyme cells

amoeboid cells that are specialized for reproduction, secreting skeletal elements, transporting and storing food, and forming contractile rings around openings in the sponge wall

choanocytes

Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges

Choanocytes function

create water current

ostia

The intake pores on a sponge

oscula

large pores in a sponge's body wall through which water exits the body

spicules

small, spike shaped particles of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges

spongin

a fibrous protein that contains sulfur and composes the fibers of the skeleton of some sponges

archeocytes

specialized cells that move around the walls of the sponge and create spicules and do other things

gemmules

As proposed by Darwin, the units of inheritance, supposedly accumulated in the gametes so they could be passed on to offspring.

asconoid

Simplest form of sponges, with canals leading directly from the outside to the interior

syconoid

1 of 3 body patterns for sponges; spongocoel is folded canals, canals lined with choanocytes, increases surface area.

leuconoid

all large sponges, no central cavity, narrow canals, many small interconnected chambers

Word association (Classification vs. common name) for Class Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae

calcareous sponges, glass sponges, bath sponge

Science

the explanation of phenomena (patterns) through the examination of natural causes (processes)

Radial symmetry fitness:

associated with sessile organisms, sense their environment 360°

Bilateral symmetry fitness:

associated with forward movement, sense their environment as they move unidirectionally (leads to cephalization)

Echinodermata

radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers

Hemichordata

phylum of acorn worms

3 (unique) Characteristics of Protista:

1. heterotrophic or autotrophic

2. locomotion with undulipoda/pseudopodia

3. can be unicellular or multicelluar

hydrostatic skeleton

A fluid skeleton in many soft-bodied invertebrates, including annelids, that allows an organism to change shape but not volume.

Kingdom protista

lower link in the food web and nutrient recycling

Giardia

Common place in untreated waterways, causes diarrhea, cramping. Takes a long period to fully treat.

Fungi

Heterotrophic, Single and multicellular, Nutrients via absorption

Choanoflagellates

\-Single cell or colonial

\-Free-swimming and sessile

\-Some parasitic

Opisthokonts

organisms from an ancestor with posterior flagellum (includes fungi, animals, and some protists)

Porifera

body consist of aggregations of cells (multicellular), cell types with different functions, but do not form tissues (no germ layers), Filter feeders

dioecious

Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals

monoecious

having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal

rudimentary structures

"platform" structures; in place and available for additional modification

Hydrozoa characteristics

1. cnidocytes epidermis

2. medusal + polyp stage