BIOLOGY (chromosomes and DNA replication) FUTURERN
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34 Terms
DNA structure is ?
Compact
Chromosomes are?
A long DNA molecule that contains all or part of an organism's genetic information
What is chromatin?
DNA molecules that are tightly coiled around proteins call histones.
Human body cells how many pairs of chromosomes?
23 pairs
Human body cells have a total of ____ chromosomes?
46 total
What are diploid cells?
Cells that have two sets of chromosomes. (Human body cells)
What are haploid cells?
cells with a single set of chromosomes (gametes or sex cells)
How many total chromosomes do gametes (sex cells) have?
23 total
What is DNA replication?
When DNA makes a copy of itself before a cell divides
What are the steps of DNA replication?
initiation, elongation, termination
What is the process of initiation (DNA replication)
An initiator protein binds to the original site
The enzyme helicase unwinds DNA helix
DNA polymerase can attach to primers
What is the process of elongation? (DNA replication)
New strands are created
DNA polymerase creates new complementary strand by matching complementary bases
Okazaki fragments
Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during (elongation) DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
What is the process of termination? (DNA replication)
After DNA polymerase is finished, replication forks will meet, each copy will become shorter
A gene is a segment of ________ that codes for a specific protein.
Chromosomes
What is protein synthesis?
the process of making proteins by using the information present in the DNA
What is the process of protein synthesis?
DNA -> mRNA -> Protein
What are the steps in protein synthesis?
transcription and translation
What is the process of Transcription?
DNA is photocopied into mRNA in nucleus, then mRNA leaves the nucleus through nucleus pores and enters cytoplasm
What is the process of transcription?
The mRNA binds to a ribosome isn't he cytoplasm and the ribosome "reads" the mRNA to determine the sequence of amino acids to make protein
During transcription, DNA is read by __________ to build complementary messenger RNA strand
RNA polymerase
During translation, a ____________ with complementary anticodon binds to mRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
_________ helps to form a ________ between 2 amino acids
Ribosomes, peptide bond
What is a mutation in protein synthesis?
Any change in DNA sequence (some have no effect)
What is a point mutation?
a change in a single base pair in DNA
What is insertion or deletion?
A base pair is inserted or deleted
How do mutations occur?
during DNA replication
Mutagen (UV light, chemicals)
Facilitated exit of mRNA
Nuclear pore
Primary function of translation?
To convert mRNA to a protein
Where does translation occur?
ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Where does transcription occur?
inside the nucleus
What brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Role of mRNA in translation?
"Template"
During translation, what bond forms between amino acids?
Peptide bond