CH 3- Cellular Level

cellular level of organization

cell (plasma) membrane

cytoplasm and cell organelle

nucleus and DNA replication

protein synthesis

cell growth and division

differentiation

cell (plasma) membrane

phospholipid bilayer

• phosphate head

• lipid tails

• combination

phosphate head

hydrophilic

attracted to water

intracellular fluid

fluid inside cell

extracellular fluid

fluid outside cell

plasma

fluid in vessels

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells

lipid tails

hydrophobic

repelled by water

combination

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

amphipathic

membrane protein

integral protein: go all the way through membrane

receptors: protein allow ligands

glycoprotein: contain carbohydrates and create ID makers for cell

peripheral protein: one side membrane

ligands

anything bind to receptors bind to cell

selective permeability

how only certain substances can cross the membrane alone and other need help due to hydrophobic nature of fatty acids

passive transport

do NOT require energy to move across membrane

diffusion

move down their concentration gradient from high to low

simple diffusion

automatically

facilitated diffusion

molecule cant cross membrane by itself

need special pathway

osmosis

barrier prevent solutes from diffusion down their gradients

pulls water to them

isotonic

two solutions have equal concentrations

0.9 salinity

hypertonic

one solution more concentrated than oper

fluid OUTSIDE cell is MORE concentrated

hypotonic

one solution less concentrated than another

active transport

require ATP

force substance to move against concentration gradient

• NA+/K+ pump

• endocytosis

NA+/K+ pump

cell us ATP to pump sodium ions out and potassium ion in

3NA:2K

endocytosis

cell engulfs something it wants to ingest in membrane bubble- vesicle

phagocytosis

cell eating

pinocytosis

cell drinking

exocytosis

cell expels a product (out)

organelle

little membrane enclosed bodies in cell

carries out unique function

cytosol

gel-like fluid

biochemical reactions can take place

cytoplasm

everything in cell except nucleus

cytoskeletal

give cell structure and shape

endoplasmic reticulum

system of channels connected to the nuclear membrane

rough ER

contain ribosome

receive new protein and modifies

ribosome

site of protein synthesis

smooth ER

no ribosome

stores and regulate cellular calcium

golgi apparatus

modifies and packages products from ER

transport vesicle

carry products to and from golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

contain enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components

autophagy

cell digesting its own structure

apoptosis

damage or unhealthy cell can be triggered to release all their lysosomes and self-digest entire cell

mitochondria

produce cells energy

ATP

peroxisomes

help metabolize nutrient lipids and detoxify cells

cytoskeleton

protein structure that give cell structure

microtubules

create structure and hold organelle in place

centrioles

mitotic spindle during cell division

guide DNA

cilia

hairlike

help move substances along outer membrane

flagella

tail

used for movement

intermediate filaments

keratin

collagen

microfilaments

actin-mechanical support and flexibility

nucleus

control center and store genetic information to build protein

protein synthesis

DNA blueprint for making all protein of cell and cell structure

transcription

copy of gene made by mRNA

codon

3 base sequence code

translation

ribosome reads code from mRNA

tRNA

bring matching amino acid

processing

rough ER and golgi apparatus

somatic cell

most body cell

mitosis

diploids

two copies of 23 chromosomes

sister chromatids

DNA replicated for cell division

cell cycle

interphase

mitosis

cytokinesis

interphase

portion of cell life not dividing

mitosis

division of genetic material

nucleus

cytokinesis

division of all cell parts into two identical daughter cells

interphase

G1

S

G2

Go

G1

new baby cell growing

S phase

cell matured enough to synthesize

daughter cell inherit full DNA set

G2

cell grow again

Go

cell resting

mitosis (Please Make A Telephone Call)

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

prophase

chromosome become visible

nuclear membrane break downs

spindle fiber form

metaphase

chromosome line up in equator

anaphase

sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and pull apart

telophase

two new nuclear membrane form around separated chromosome

cell divide to two daughter cells

cytokinesis

form two new complete cells

malignant tumor

spread surrounding tissues and start new tumor

benign tumor

contained

not life-threatening

differentiation

many cells have power to differentiate

different things

totipotent

cell of embryo can become anything

pluripotent

can become any individual tissue

multipotent

any type of cell within certain lineage

blood cell

oligopotent

become few different cell types within set category

unipotent

become more of same thing it already is