Psychology
creativity
psychology
ap book
princeton review
divergent thinking
convergent thinking
framing
confirmation bias
belief perseverance
belief bias
overconfidence
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
heuristic
algoriths
problem solving
thinking
describing thought
concepts
images
benjamin whorf
language
cognition
linguistic relativity hypothesis
noam chomsky
telegraphic speech
holophrastic stage
language acquisition
elements of language
phonemes
morpheme
languague
long term potention
anterogade amnesia
proactive interference
retroactive interference
intereference
relearning
forgetting
constructive memory
state dependent memory
mood congruent memory
retrieval
recognition
recall
primacy effect
long term memory
Implicit memories
Explicit memories
short term memory
working memory
sensory memory
University/Undergrad
information-processing model
The principal model of memory is the three-box model, also called the
sensory memory
The first stop for external events is
George Sperling
demonstrated this in a series of experiments in which he flashed a grid of nine letters, three rows and three columns, to participants for 1/20th of a second.
Iconic memory
a split-second perfect photograph of a scene.
Echoic memory
an equally perfect brief (3–4 second) memory for sounds.
Selective attention
Sometimes selective attention is not as controlled.
working memory
Short-term memory is also called __ because these are memories we are currently working with and are aware of in our consciousness.
Long-Term Memory
is our permanent storage.
Explicit memories
(also called declarative memories) are what we usually think of first.
Implicit memories
(also called nondeclarative memories) are unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have.
Alexander Luria
studied a patient with eidetic memory who could repeat a list of 70 letters or digits.
Levels of Processing Model
This theory explains why we remember what we do by examining how deeply the memory was processed or thought about.
Recognition
is the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory (e.g. “Have I smelled this smell before?”).
Recall
is retrieving a memory with an external cue (e.g. “What does my Aunt Beki’s perfume smell like?”).
Hermann Ebbinghaus
(1850–1909) established that the order of items in a list is related to whether or not we will recall them.
primacy effect
predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list.
recency effect
is demonstrated by our ability to recall the items at the end of a list.
serial position effect (also called serial position curve)
Together the primacy effect and recency effect demonstrate the
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
This temporary inability to remember information is sometimes called the
semantic network theory
This theory states that our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory.
flashbulb memories
are powerful because the importance of the event caused us to encode the context surrounding the event.
mood-congruent memory
or the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matched the mood we were in when the event happened.
State-dependent memory
refers to the phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness.
Constructive Memory
can report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occurred.
interference
Another factor that causes forgetting is
Retroactive interference
Learning new information interferes with the recall of older information. If you study your psychology at 3:00 and your sociology at 6:00, you might have trouble recalling the psychology information on a test the next day.
Proactive interference
Older information learned previously interferes with the recall of information learned more recently. If a researcher reads you a list of items in a certain order, then rereads them differently and asks you to list them in the new order, the old list proactively interferes with recall of the new list.
anterograde amnesia
they cannot encode new memories
long-term Âpotentiation
At the neurological level, researchers focus on a process called
Language
is intimately connected to cognition.
Phonemes
are the smallest units of sound used in a language.
morpheme
is the smallest unit of meaningful sound.
holophrastic stage or one-word stage
During which babies speak in single words (holophrases) is sometimes called the
telegraphic speech or two-word stage
The next language acquisition stage occurs at around 18 months and is called
overgeneralization or overregularization
This misapplication of grammar rules is called
language acquisition device
the ability to learn a language rapidly as children (this is also called the nativist theory of language acquisition).
Benjamin Whorf
theorized that the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking.
Describing Thought
Descriptions are thoughts, so we are attempting to describe thought using thought itself.
Concepts
are similar to the schemata
images
are the mental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world.
Problem Solving
Many researchers try to study thought by examining the results of thinking.
algorithm
is a rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method.
heuristic
is a rule of thumb—a rule that is generally, but not always, true that we can use to make a judgment in a situation.
Availability heuristic
Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially.
Representativeness heuristic
Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind.
Overconfidence
is our tendency to overestimate how accurate our judgments are.
Belief bias
occurs when we make illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs.
Belief perseverance
refers to our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted.
Framing
refers to the way a problem is presented.
convergent thinking
thinking pointed toward one solution,
divergent thinking
thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question.