Human Anatomy Exam 1

what is the function of the diaphragm?

it separates the thorax cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. It plays a major role in breathing, inflating the lungs

What organs are apart of the thorax cavity?

the heart and lungs

What organs are apart of the abdomen cavity?

contains digestive viscera

what organs are apart of the mediastinum?

the heart, thymus gland, portions of the esophagus, and trachea

what is the definition of anatomy?

the study of form/structure. The study of the internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts

what is the definition of physiology?

the study of function and how living organisms perform their vital functions

What is the smallest level of organization?

atoms

What is the order of level of organization?

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

what is the levels of organization (complex to simplest)?

Organism, organ system, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms

what is the role of the skeletal system?

it supports the body and enables movement with the support of the muscular system

what organs are in the skeletal system?

cartilage, bones, joints

What quadrant is the liver located?

Located in the right upper quadrant

What are examples of organs?

heart, liver, lungs, skin, pancreas, bones, stomach or spleen

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues & equalizes temperature in the body

What organs are in the cardiovascular system?

heart and blood vessels

What is the definition of Homeostasis?

the presence of a stable internal environment. Failure to maintain leads to illness or death.

What is the definition of Positive feedback system?

Results in a change in the body’s status, rather than a return to homeostasis.

what is an example of positive feedback system?

childbirth

What is the role of the endocrine system?

secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes

What organs are apart of the endocrine system?

pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries

What are examples of negative feedback system?

body temperature regulation

Interdependent levels of organizations

All of the levels of organizations work together to perform vital functions in the body

What is the definition of an effector?

a cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback. what is being affected by the stimulus.

What is anterior view?

a person facing forward (looking at you)

what is caudal?

position towards the tail or posterior end of an organism

what is cranial?

towards the head

what is posterior view?

a person facing behind (having their back to you)

what is distal?

farther/away from

what is proximal?

near, closer to you

what is dorsal?

near the upper surface, toward the back

what is ventral?

toward the bottom, toward the belly area

what is superior?

above, over

what is inferior?

below, under

what is lateral?

toward the side

what is medial?

toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side

What is the common term for pedal?

pes or foot

what is the common term for carpal region?

the wrist

what is the definition of medial?

toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side

What is the role of the Urinary system?

controls water balance in the body and removes wastes from blood and excretes them

what organs are apart of the urinary system?

kidneys and urinary bladder

what is the role of the digestive system?

processes food for use by the body and removes wastes from undigested food

what organs are in the digestive system?

stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, and small intestine

what is the abdominopelvic region (quadrants)?

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

what are the components of amino acid?

amino group, R group, Carboxylic acid group, Hydrogen group

What is the definition of exergonic chemical reaction?

a reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat or light. It involves the conversion of high-energy reactants into lower-energy products.

what are the 4 levels of amino acid structure?

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

what happens in the primary structure?

a polypeptide, a linear chain of amino acids appear

what happens in the secondary structure?

Results from bonds formed between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain. May create a simple spiral or flat pleated sheet

what happens in the tertiary structure?

coiling and folding giving the protein a final 3-D shape

what happens in the quaternary structure?

results from interaction between multiple polypeptide chain forming a protein complex

What does the outermost electro shell tell you about an atom?

**It determines the reactivity, or tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms.**

atoms with unfilled outer shells are **reactive** & atoms with full outer shells are inert.

What are the parts of the atom?

protons, neutrons, and electrons

what does the number of protons tell you?

atomic number

what does the number of protons and neutrons tell you?

mass number

What is the significance of protons?

has a **positive** electrical charge

what is the significance of neutrons?

electrically **neutral**, which means they are **uncharged**

what is the significance of electrons?

they bear a **negative** electrical charge

what is the definition of a synthesis reaction?

two components bond to make a larger molecule. Energy is required and is stored in the bond. **Building the elements up**

what is the definition of a decomposition reaction?

bonds between components of a larger molecule are broken, resulting in small products

what is the definition of an exchange reaction?

reactants are rearranged

what is an example of a synthesis reaction?

amino acids are joined to form a protein molecule

what is an cation?

atoms that have gained or lost electrons and are no longer electrically neutral. Donates an electron.

what are the properties of water?

can exist as a **solid** (ice), **liquid** (water), or **gas** (water vapor)

if there is a shortage of cholesterol what happens to the plasma membrane?

weakens the plasma membrane and suppress cell growth and division

what is an active site?

specific region of an enzyme where substrates must bind in the enzyme

what is the structural component of hormones?

**lipid (steroids)**

what are examples of organic molecules?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What is metabolic pathway?

may absorb and release enzymes

what are the characteristics of hydrogen bond?

weakly positive charge, oxygen weakly charged negatively to form a hydrogen bond (covalent bond)

What are the benefits of carbohydrate molecules?

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the body. They are broken down into glucose, which fuels various cellular processes.

what is the Ionic bond formation?

created by electrical attraction between cations and anions. Transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another to achieve stability

What is the most abundant high energy compound in a cell?

ATP

what organelle produces ATP?

mitochondria

What is dehydration reaction?

The removal of water to produce disaccharides

What is the definition of organic molecules?

chemical compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, and often other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus. Many allow cells to transfer and capture energy as high-energy compounds.

what is an example of an organic molecule?

glucose

What is the definition of metabolites?

molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies.

What are covalent bonds?

**sharing of electrons between atoms.** Can be single covalent bonds or double covalent bonds

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth-ER)?

synthesizes phospholipids, steroid hormones, regulates the concentration of cellular Ca++, metabolizes some carbohydrates, and breaks down certain toxins

what occurs in the S phase?

DNA replication takes place. Each chromosome is duplicated to form two identical sister chromatids.

What is the difference between the Rough ER vs Smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it & Smooth ER no proteins are being modified due to no ribosomes being present

What are examples of diffusion?

simple diffusion & facilitated diffusion

What is the definition of mutations?

a change in the DNA sequence

What are the properties of the cytoplasm?

It fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

It contains various organelles, such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

It is responsible for supporting and protecting cellular organelles.

It facilitates cellular processes, such as metabolism and protein synthesis.

It contains cytosol, which is a fluid that helps transport molecules within the cell.

It plays a role in cell signaling and communication.

It can undergo changes in consistency and composition based on the cell's needs.

Overall, the cytoplasm is essential for the proper functioning of cells and supports various cellular activities.

what is the definition of selectively permeable?

Permits the passage of some materials and prevent the passage of others. Can allow water, ions, and carbohydrates to pass through, but proteins and lipids are not able to go through

what are the properties of stem cells?

What are the properties of the cytoskeleton?

Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. It maintains cell shape and structure, promoting cellular movement, and aiding cell division

What occurs in interphase?

Cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for cell division. It is during interphase that the cell carries out its normal functions and prepares for the subsequent phases of the cell cycle.

It is subdivided into G1, S, and G2 phases.

What is the definition of translation?

the mRNA transcript is “read” by a functional complex consisting of the ribosomes and tRNA molecules. tRNAs bring the appropriate amino acids in sequence to the growing polypeptide chain by matching their anti-codons with codons on the mRNA strand.

What are the membrane proteins?

anchoring proteins, recognition proteins, enzymes, receptor proteins, carrier proteins, and channels

what is the role of anchoring proteins?

attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position, inside the cell, membrane proteins are bound to the cytoskeleton

what is the role of recognition proteins?

detected by cells of the immune system. Enzymes in plasma membranes may be integral or peripheral proteins

what is the role of enzymes?

**They speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur**

what is the role of receptor proteins?

bind to specific extracellular molecules called ligands

what is the role of carrier proteins?

bind solutes and transports them across the plasma membrane

what is the role of channels?

contains a central pore that forms a passageway completely across the plasma membrane. The channel permits the passage of water and small solutes that cannot otherwise cross the lipid layers of the plasma membrane

what happens in phagocytosis?

the cell takes in a large particle.

what is the definition of endocytosis?

a form of active transport in which a cell envelopes extracellular materials using its cell membrane

What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

produces energy (ATP) for cells

Mitosis occurs in which cell type?

somatic cells