Wars of Religion Flashcards

what were some factors that impacted the wars of religion?

economic, social, political

who were the Huguenots? how did they threaten the french monarchy?

• french calvinists

• very popular among the artisans, shopkeepers, lawyers, merchants, and nobility

  • Huguenot nobility specifically threatened the power/influence of the monarchy

Who were the politiques? What is an example of one?

• public figures who placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of war

• Catharine de Medici

Who were the ultra-catholics in france?

• ultra-Catholics: catholic extremists

• lead by the Guises family

  • funded armies

  • highly involved with the papacy

What was the cause of the Saint Bartholemew’s Day Massacre?

• The marriage of Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) and Catharine de Medici’s daughter

  • many huguenot people and leaders were in paris for the wedding

• the Guise family was able to convince the king to kill huguenot leaders at this time

What occurred during the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre? What were the effects of it?

• what happened

  • lasted for 3 days

  • presumed around 3,000 dead

  • gruesome, violent death

• effects

  • in order to spare himself, Henry of Navarre promised to become catholic

  • ultra-catholics formed the “Holy League”

    • to end heresy and put a catholic on the french throne

  • started the war of the three henries

What was the war of the three henries?

• Henry (duke of guise) asked the king (henry) to make him minister of franced

  • killed

• King Henry and Henry of Navarre ended the Holy League

  • King Henry assasinated

  • Henry of Navarre becomes king

    • never fully accepted and becomes catholic to be more liked

What was the Edict of Nantes?

• made Catholicism the official religion of France but allowed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and gave them fortified towns for protection

  • done out of political necessity

Who was Philip II? How did he rule?

• son of Charles V

• ruler of Spain and many other lands

• Goals

  • control land (Spain, the Netherlands, parts of Italy, New World)

  • consolidate power

    • strict catholic enforcement and authority

    • created a new government structure

      • monarchy separate from aristocracy

      • each territory had a connection to the king

• unable to maintain a stable economy

  • inflation (gold/silver imports)

    • decline in ag. and textiles

  • war

    • increase in taxes to pay for it

• known as the “most catholic” king

  • felt responsible to end protestantism

What caused the Netherlands to want to rebel?

• no personal connection to Philip or Spain

• many religions spread due to location

  • anabaptism, lutheranism, calvinism

• Philip tried to consolidate power over the Netherlands

  • tried to end calvinism

  • paid higher taxes

  • took away freedoms

Who was the council of troubles? What did they do?

• an organized group of the Calvinist revolt in the Netherlands

  • led by William the Silent

• killed powerful aristocrats, grew their resistance until Philip had to conform to the pacification of Ghent

What was the pacification of Ghent?

• demand made by the council of troubles

• all the provinces would stand together under William’s leadership, respect religious differences, and demand spanish troops were withdrawn

How was the Dutch Republic formed?

• the following Spanish duke in charge of the Netherlands ended the peace established by the pacification

• The netherlands is divided into two different unions:

  • union of Arras: southern provinces with Spanish control

  • union of Utrecht: northern provinces which opposed Spanish control

• the civil war lasted for 12 years

  • Spanish granted the union of Utrecht independence

  • they became the Dutch Republic

Where did Queen Elizabeth I differ from her cousin, Bloody Mary?

• self-aware, intelligent and confident

• developed England as a prominent state

• knew that the most important goal as queen was to handle the religious tension Mary created

How did Elizabeth I handle religious policy?

• sought compromise between major religions within the Church of England

  • Elizabethan religious statement: the only supreme governor of the realms, as well as in all spiritual or ecclesial things or causes, as temporal

  • Act of Uniformity: revised the prayer book to please Catholics

  • Thirty-nine articles: defined theological values

    • a cross between Lutheranism and Catholicism

    • avoided extremities

Who were the Puritans?

Protestants within the Church of England that wanted to remove Catholicism from the church

How did Elizabeth I handle foreign policy?

• attacked her enemies but acted like she did not know what was going on when confronted

  • unofficially sent her “sea dogs” to raid Spanish ships

  • provided aid for Dutch Calvinists and Huguenots

What was the Spanish Armada?

• Philip sent a fleet of ships to invade England because he was angry about the aid Elizabeth was giving to his enemies

• the crewmen believe that a divine miracle would allow them to prevail over the English

  • viciously defeated

• Ensured that England would remain mostly Protestant for the time being

What was the thirty years war?

• a religious and political war that took place in across Europe

What were the religious causes of the thirty years war?

• Peace of Augsburg

  • Lutherans and Catholics fought each other over territory

  • Calvinists were not included in this agreement and the religion was rapidly growing

• opposing sides prepared for war

  • Lutherans and Calvinists formed the Protestant Union

  • Catholics formed the Catholic Leagues

What were the political causes for the thirty years war?

• German princes did not want to adhere to the Holy Roman Empire

• opposing sides prepared for war

  • Germany found allies in all of the HRE’s enemies

  • HRE went to Spain for assistance

What happened during the Bohemian Phase of the thirty years war?

• Ferdinand ruled over the Bohemian Estates

  • very catholic, habsburg archduke

  • the protestants in Bohemia were not please

• In May 1618 protestants rebelled and won over the Catholics

  • ruler of the Protestant Union, Frederick V, was elected ruler

  • Ferdinand became ruler of the HRE

• Ferdinand joined forces with the Catholic League with the motivation to invade Bohemia once Frederick was elected

  • won over Bohemia

  • catholicism forcefully revived throughout Bohemia

  • Catholics regained power/control

What happened during the Dutch phase of the thirty years war?

• Christian IV of Denmark invaded Northern Germany

  • allies with England and the United Provinces

• Albrecht von Wallerstein took over the Catholic League miliary

  • defeated Danish

  • Danish lost control of all of the influential ports they had held

• Edict of Restitution issues by Ferdinand II

  • prohibited Calvinist practices

  • threatened German power

What happened during the Swedish Phase of the thirty years war?

• Gustavus Adolphus became ruler of Sweden

  • Strengthened Swedish army

  • wanted to aid the Lutheran states in Germany

• Battle of Lutzen

  • Sweden vs. imperial army

  • swedes won

  • Adolphus died which significantly weakened the swedish army

• Battle of Nordlingen

  • imperial army defeated sweden

  • southern germany became catholic

What happened during the Franco-Swedish phase of the thirty years war?

• french and swedes became allies

  • despite religious differences

  • fought against the habsburgs

• Battle of Rocroi

  • french defeated spanish

• People began to seek out peace

• Peace of Westphalia

  • ended war in Germany

• Peace of Pyrenees

  • ended war in France and Spain

• France ended up the dominant power of Europe

What were the effects of the thirty years war?

• Peace of Westphalia

  • undermined the control of the HRE

  • separated religion from politics

    • pope ignored during the making of the treaty

    • politics based around a secular framework

• Germany left in unrest and fear

• most destructive war Europe had ever experienced

What was the military revolution?

• changes in the science of warfare from 1560-1660

• caused by the ineffective of the medieval tactics and the newfound need for it during a time of war

What was notable about Gustavus Adolphus’ army?

• consisted of musketeers and pikemen in a linear formation

• new war tactics

  • salvo: everyone fires at once

  • pike charge

  • very mobile and flexible standing army

    • ready for anything

• often imitated by other countries

What advancements came with the military revolution?

• large, expensive standing armies

• military schools/formal training

• increase in firearms

• improvements in naval power

What are some countries were rebellion took place?

• france

• austria

• hungary

• portugal

• catalonia (spain)

• naples (italy)

• sicily (italy)

• russia

• sweden

• denmark

• united provinces

• england