chemistry module 2 acid, base and redox reactions

define strong acids

fully dissociate in solution and releases H+ ions

define strong bases

fully dissociate in solution and release OH- ions

define weak acids

partially dissociate in solution

define weak bases

partially dissociate in solution

examples of strong acids

HCl, H2S04, HNO3

examples of weak acids

HCOOH, CH3COOH, C6H5COOH

examples of strong bases

NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2

examples of weak bases

NH3, CH3NH2, CH3CH2NH2

what is a neutralisation reaction

where an acid and a base react to form water and a salt

how is the water in a neutralisation reaction formed

the proton of the acid reacts with the hydroxide of the base to form water

how is the salt formed in a neutralisation reaction

the spectator ions which are not involved in formation of water, form the salt

what does an acid and a metal make

salt and hydrogen

what does an acid and a metal oxide make

salt and waterwh

what does an acid and a metal hydroxide make

salt and waterwha

what does an acid and a metal carbonate make

salt and water and carbon dioxidewha

what is volumetric analysis

process that uses the volume and concentration of one chemical reactant to determine the concentration of an unknown solution

how to make a standard solution

1. weigh out a precise amount of the solid

2. add to a small volume of water and pre dissolve the solid

3. transfer to a volumetric flask

4. rinse the beaker with distilled water and add to the volumetric flask

   1. make up to the bottom of the meniscus with more water. add stopper and mix the contents

what are the steps in a titration

1. measuring a known volume of one of the solutions and placing it into a conical flask

2. the other solution is placed into a conical flask

3. add a few drops of indicator to the solution in the conical flask

4. the tap on the burette is carefully opened and the solution is added to the conical flask until the solution starts to change colour

   1. as you near the end point, the flow of the burette should be slowed to drops

how to calculate percentage uncertainty

uncertainty / measured value x 100what

what do you do if you have two measurements and you need to calculate the percentage uncertainty

times uncertainty by 2

what is the oxidation state of an atom

the charge that would exist on an individual atom is the bonding was completely ionic

what are oxidation used for

to tell if oxidation or reduction has taken place

what is the oxidation state of any uncombined element

0. eg h2, zn

what is the oxidation state of group 1 elements

+1

what is the oxidation state of group 2 elements

2+

oxidation state of fluorine

-1

oxidation state of hydrogen

+1, except in metal oxides where its -1

oxidation state of oxygen

-2, except in peroxides where its -1 and in f20 where its +2