UTS (question and answer)

A compilation of flashcards based on key concepts and themes from lecture notes on the self, human agency, philosophy, and cultural perspectives.

What are the learning objectives of the lesson?

1. Identify different perspectives of Greek thought. 2. Compare Aristotelian and Platonic influences. 3. Share personal values.

What is the main idea of Ancient Thought?

Ancient thought contributes significantly to modern civilization, shaping our politics, morality, and values.

Who were the Sophists?

A group of thinkers who valued influence over objective truth, claiming knowledge is shaped by societal power.

What is Gorgias's idea about rightness?

'Might is Right' – the idea that rightness is determined by societal position and influence, not inherent truth.

What does Protagoras mean by 'Man is the measure of all things'?

This statement suggests that individual perception defines standards and values in life.

How does Plato define man?

Plato sees man as a soul imprisoned in a body, with the body serving as a vehicle for the soul.

What is the significance of the body-soul dichotomy in Plato's philosophy?

The body can imprison the soul, leading to ignorance, while the soul represents perfection and immortality.

What is the rational soul according to Aristotle?

The rational soul is the highest form of soul found in humans, enabling reasoning and intellect.

What did the Epicureans teach about pleasure?

Epicureans believed happiness comes from pursuing simple pleasures and avoiding pain.

How do the Stoics view control in life?

Stoics believe one cannot control external events but can control their reactions to these events.

What is Francis Bacon's 'Idols of the Mind'?

Bacon identified four types of biases that affect perception: Idol of the Cave, Tribe, Market, and Theater.

What are Kierkegaard's stages of life?

Kierkegaard identified three stages: the aesthetic stage (self-centered), the ethical stage (community-focused), and the religious stage (selfless).

What is Nietzsche's concept of the three metamorphoses?

Nietzsche describes transformation from sheep (passivity) to camel (burden-bearing) to lion (challenging the norm), culminating in the child (creative freedom).

How does Heidegger conceptualize 'Dasein'?

Heidegger's Dasein represents human beings as being-in-the-world, faced with the reality of death and the need for authentic existence.

What does the symbolic interactionism theory focus on?

Symbolic interactionism emphasizes how individuals create meanings and identity through social interactions.

What is the 'looking glass self' according to Cooley?

Cooley's concept suggests that a person's self-perception is shaped by how others perceive them.

What does Goffman's dramaturgical approach entail?

Goffman compares social interactions to a performance, where individuals manage impressions in front of an audience.

What does Carl Rogers mean by 'self-concept'?

Self-concept is composed of the real self, ideal self, and self-worth, shaping an individual's identity.

What is the 'organismic valuing process'?

It is the instinct that guides individuals toward experiences that promote personal growth and self-actualization.

What does Bandura's human agency theory emphasize?

Human agency theory posits that individuals are not merely shaped by their environment but actively influence their own actions and outcomes.

What are the four core properties of human agency according to Bandura?

1. Intentionality 2. Forethought 3. Self-reactiveness 4. Self-reflectiveness.

What is the difference between 'I' and 'me' in James's theory of the self?

The 'I' refers to the thinking self, while 'me' refers to the self as an object of perception.

What does the 'ideal self' and 'real self' refer to in Rogers' concept?

The ideal self is the person one wants to be, while the real self is who one actually is.

How do self-esteem and self-actualization relate to Rogers' self-concept?

Healthy self-esteem and alignment between the real and ideal selves foster self-actualization.

What is the 'differentiation of self' according to Bowen?

It refers to the ability to balance emotional and intellectual functioning while maintaining relationships.

What does 'agentic self' imply in daily life?

It implies taking control of one's life, making intentional choices, and being proactive in shaping one's experiences.

How do cultural forces shape an individual's self-identity?

Cultural forces influence language, values, symbols, and norms that guide personal identity and perceptions.

What role does language play in shaping identity according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Language shapes reality and influences how individuals perceive and experience the world.

What are 'mores' and 'folkways'?

Mores are norms essential for the welfare of society, while folkways are casual norms for everyday interactions.

How does the emotional self relate to family according to Bowen's theory?

The emotional self reflects the balance of attachment and autonomy within familial relationships.

What is the significance of the agency theory in human behavior?

It highlights the power individuals have to shape their own lives and the importance of taking responsibility for their actions.

What is self-reflectiveness in the context of human agency?

It is the ability to reflect on one's thoughts and behaviors to examine and improve personal agency.

How does the self-concept evolve according to Rogers?

It evolves through interactions, experiences, and the influence of significant others in one's life.

What is the impact of unaddressed gaps between real self and ideal self?

Large gaps can lead to low self-esteem, emotional distress, and a sense of disconnection from one's true self.

What does Bandura mean by intentionality in human agency?

Intentionality refers to the ability to plan and behave purposefully rather than reactively.

How does Rogers suggest bridging the gap between real and ideal selves?

Engage in honest self-reflection, cultivate self-acceptance, and take intentional actions towards personal growth.

What is the role of collective intentionality?

It emphasizes the need for collaboration and coordination in achieving shared goals within a group.

How do Bandura's four core properties manifest in daily life?

They guide an individual's capacity to plan, anticipate outcomes, regulate actions, and reflect on their experiences.

What is the focus of the symbolic interactionism framework?

It focuses on the meanings individuals create through social interactions and how these influence self-perception.

How does Goffman's concept of front stage and back stage apply to social interactions?

Front stage actions are made for an audience, while back stage actions reflect the individual's true self without societal pressures.