Waves 🌊

What is the arrangement of the electromagnetic spectrum based on frequency and wavelength?

Radiowaves, Microwaves, Infrared Radiation, Visible Light, Ultraviolet Radiation, X-Rays, Gamma Rays.

What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

3.0 × 10⁸ m/s.

What are the properties of Radiowaves?

Long wavelength, low frequency, low energy.

What are two uses of Microwaves?

Satellite communication and microwave ovens for heating food.

What is the main use of Infrared Radiation?

Used in vision and photography, fiber optic communication.

What can Ultraviolet radiation cause with excessive exposure?

Sunburns, skin cancer, and eye damage.

What are the dangers of X-rays?

Can cause DNA damage and increase cancer risk.

What type of waves have the highest frequency, wavelength, and energy?

Gamma rays.

What is a key characteristic of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.

How do waves transfer energy without transferring matter?

Particles oscillate but do not move with the wave, transferring energy through the medium.

What is the formula for wave speed?

v = f × λ (speed = frequency × wavelength).

What is the behaviour of Transverse Waves?

Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.

What phenomenon occurs when waves bounce back after hitting a surface?

Reflection.

What happens during refraction of light?

Waves change direction when passing from one medium to another due to speed change.

What is a virtual image produced by a plane mirror?

An image that cannot be projected onto a screen and is the same size as the object.

What does the law of reflection state?

Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection.

What occurs when light enters a denser medium?

It bends towards the normal line.

What materials are needed for a refraction experiment?

Glass or perspex block, ray box, protractor, pencil, ruler.

What type of wave behavior can sound waves exhibit?

Reflection and refraction.

How is sound produced?

By vibrations of objects disturbing the surrounding medium.

What is the audible frequency range for humans?

20 Hz to 20 kHz.

What happens when sound waves enter a vacuum?

No sound can be heard because there are no particles to transmit the sound.

What is the common speed of sound in air?

340 m/s.

How does sound travel in different media: slowest to fastest?

Gases, then liquids, then solids.

What determines the loudness of a sound?

The amplitude of the wave.

What requires a distance of at least 17 meters for an echo to be heard?

Reflection of sound waves.

What is the relationship between frequency and pitch of a sound?

Higher frequency results in a higher pitch.

What do compressions and rarefactions signify in a sound wave?

Compressions are areas of high pressure; rarefactions are areas of low pressure.

What is a key safety measure when using X-rays?

Use lead shielding.

Which type of radiation can be produced artificially?

Ultraviolet radiation.

What does a virtual image appear to be in relation to a plane mirror?

The same distance behind the mirror as it is in front.

What happens to the angle of reflection upon striking a surface?

It equals the angle of incidence.

What can excessive exposure to microwaves cause?

Damage to body tissues.

What is the effect of increasing the amplitude of a sound wave?

It makes the sound louder.

What happens to light when it exits a denser medium?

It bends away from the normal line.

How is a wave's wavelength measured?

Distance between two consecutive points in a wave.

What is the significance of the normal line in reflection and refraction?

It is an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface where the ray strikes.

How does sound travel fastest through a medium?

In solids, because particles are closely packed.

What type of wave are sound waves classified as?

Longitudinal waves.

What instruments can be used to measure angles in wave experiments?

Protractor.

What does the optical image characteristics include when reflected by a plane mirror?

Virtual, upright, same size as the object.

What defines the peak of a wave?

The amplitude.

What effect does high-frequency sound have on humans?

It produces higher pitched sounds.

How is wave frequency measured?

In Hertz (Hz).

What is an example of sound wave reflection?

Echoes in large empty halls.

What happens during compression in a longitudinal wave?

Particles are close together.

Why do sound waves require a medium for propagation?

Because they depend on particle vibrations.

What should be used to protect against UV radiation?

Sunscreen and sunglasses.

How does electromagnetic radiation behave in a vacuum?

Travels at a constant speed of 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s.