Learn: PUBHEPI 2410: Exam 1

Who was the English physician who removed the pump handle from the Broad Street pump during the Cholera outbreak in London during the mid-19th Century?

John Snow

The system devised by which man is the antecedent of the modern International Classification of Diseases, which categorizes diseases and causes of death?

William Farr

Which of the following are NOT one of Robert Koch's four postulates?

- Microorganism must be observed in every case

- The microorganism must reproduce the disease in an animal every time

- Microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture

- The microorganism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimentally diseased animal

-The culture should reproduce the disease in an animal

The microorganism must reproduce the disease in an animal every time.

Who was the English physician who developed a vaccine against smallpox using material from dairymaids who were infected with cowpox?

Edward Jenner

In the definition of epidemiology, "distribution" refers to (select all that apply):

When, Where, Who

In the mid-1700's, James Lind conducted one of the earliest experimental studies on the treatment of which condition, a common disease and cause of death at the time?

scurvy

What man became the first epidemiologist, statistician, and demographer when he summarized the Bills of Mortality for his 1662 publication Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality?

John Graunt

What was done to stop the spread of Cholera during the outbreak of 1849 in London?

The water supply was cut off by removing the pump handle

In the definition of epidemiology, "determinants" generally includes: (check all that apply)

causes, risk factors

Clusters of a rare cancer known as Kaposi's sarcoma eventually helped epidemiologists identify what disease?

AIDS

A community agency is putting together an exercise program for senior women to help in the prevention of osteoporosis. This would be an example of:

Primary prevention

This transition would be marked by a shift from death by infectious disease to death by chronic conditions

Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases

The state of Ohio has one of the highest rates of infant mortality in the country. This would be an example of which variable?

Health related outcome

During this age we would expect high mortality, low life-expectency, and unstable population growth

Age of Pestilence and Famine

An epidemiologist notices a high rate of infant mortality in Gallifrey county. She begins looking at the availability of Women, Infants, and Children services in the area and their accessibility. Looking at this availability is an example of what kind of variable?

Community infrastructure

A researcher is looking at the possible association between a chemical compound and a disease condition. The researcher observes that as exposure increased, so did the risk of developing disease. Which criterion of judgement is the researcher assessing?

Biological gradient

The epidemiologic transition refers to the observation that:

The rate of communicable or infectious diseases is decreasing

A person conducting interviews for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System questionnaire collects information on the age, gender and race/ethnicity of an individual. This is an example of what kind of descriptive variables?

Demographic and social

What component of Hill's Aspects of Association asks if people are developing the same disease condition after exposure?

Specificity

Critics of the link between smoking and lung cancer have argued that smoking has been linked to several disease conditions, including cardiovascular disease, low birth weight, and bladder cancer. Which of Hill's criteria of judgment (aspects of association) is being discussed?

Specificity

The National Vital Statistics System collects data on which of the following outcomes?

births and deaths

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program collects data based on a mandate by which piece of legislation?

The National Cancer Act

Which survey includes both a home interview and health tests done in a mobile examination center?

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) defines which type of disease as "one for which regular, frequent, and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease"?

notifiable disease

Vaccination data on vaccinations such as diphtheria and tetanus, pertussis, polio, and measles are collected through the use of which survey?

National Immunization Survey

Which of the following is a telephone survey of adults in each state?

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey

Which of the following, mandated by the National Health Survey Act of 1956, is currently the principal source of information on the health of the civilian non-institutionalized population of the United States?

National Health Interview Survey

What survey would be most useful in examining alcohol consumption in the United States by adults?

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Descriptive epidemiology involves all of the following questions EXCEPT:

WHY

Disease rates are different for different racial groups.

True

Socioeconomic factors do not affect the occurrence of disease

False

Descriptive epidemiology evaluates the impact of disease by identifying trends in a population

True

Descriptive studies can be used to test hypotheses about cause and effect relationships (or determinants of disease).

False

The graph identifying the pattern of a disease over a long period of time is an example of:

Secular Trend

The comparison of rates of tuberculosis among Mexican Americans in rural versus urban settings would be a comparison of characteristic by

Place

Race/Ethnicity is an example of a:

Person Variable

The graph above enumerating increases and decreases in cases over a period of several years is an example of:

Cylclic Fluctuation

Although it remains a leading cause of death in the United States, the death rate from heart disease has been declining in the United States since 1995 for African Americans. This decline would be an example of:

Secular trend

The incidence rate is the:

Number of new cases of a disease divided by the total population at risk

The number of accidental deaths among females aged 15-19 years is separated by race. There were 1,333 deaths between African-American females and white females in the age group. Two-hundred and twenty-seven (227), or 17% of these deaths were African-Americans. This calculation of 17% is an example of:

Proportion

A long term care facility that houses 80 residents has an outbreak of an adenovirus. Of those residents, 24 (or 0.3) of the residents have been infected. This is an example of:

Proportion

In January 2000 you began a one-year study of tuberculosis (TB) in a subsidized housing community in the Lower East Side of New York City. You enrolled 500 residents in your study and checked on their TB status on a monthly basis. At the start of your study on January 1st, you screened all 500 residents. Upon screening, you found that 20 of the healthy residents were immigrants who were vaccinated for TB and so were not at risk. Another 30 residents already had existing cases of TB on January 1st. On February 1st, 5 residents developed TB. On April 1st, 5 more residents developed TB. On June 1st, 10 healthy residents moved away from New York City were lost to follow-up. On July 1st, 10 of the residents who had existing TB on January 1st died from their disease. The study ended on December 31, 2000. Assume that once a person gets TB, they have it for the duration of the study, and assume that all remaining residents stayed healthy and were not lost to follow-up.

Question: The subsidized housing community in the Lower East Side of New York City is a dynamic population.

True

Prevalence measures are most useful in the planning of health services.

True

Which measure is most useful for evaluating the effectiveness of programs that try to prevent disease from occurring in the first place?

incidence

Membership of which type of population is always defined by a life event?

fixed population

Which of the following is true of the prevalence measure of morbidity?

- It is good for describing a health burden

- It does not give an estimate of the risk of developing a disease

- It gives health departments and hospital administrators information for health planning

Because incidence measures a person's transition from a healthy to disease state, time must pass for this change to occur and be observed

True

The average US population from January 1, 2002 through January 1, 2007 was 293,235,578. Over this 5 year period, 2,787,217 people died from malignant neoplasms (cancer). What is the mortality rate per year for this cause of death (i.e. cancer)?

(Hint: Think about the time period for the number of persons who died from malignant neoplasms that accrued)

190 per 100,000

The average US population from January 1, 2002 through January 1, 2007 was 293,235,578. Over this 5 year period, 3,318,054 people died from diseases of the heart. What is the mortality rate per year for this cause of death?

(Hint: Think about the time period during which the deaths from heart disease accrued).

226 per 100,000

A population of 1,600 healthy, at risk people is monitored for one year starting on January 1st and the development of cases of chicken pox is noted. No one has chicken pox at the start of the investigation. Twenty people develop chicken pox on June 30th and forty people develop chicken pox on September 30th. Assume that you can get chicken pox only once. What is the cumulative incidence of chicken pox in this population during the one-year period from January 1st through December 31st?

3.8%

Among 13,963,753 males and 14,272,325 females there were 20,734 cases of prostate cancer and 19,107 cases of female breast cancer. What is the incidence of prostate cancer per 100,000? (Hint: Only males have prostates).

148.5 per 100,000

In January 2000 you began a one-year study of tuberculosis (TB) in a subsidized housing community in the Lower East Side of New York City. You enrolled 500 residents in your study and checked on their TB status on a monthly basis. At the start of your study on January 1st, you screened all 500 residents. Upon screening, you found that 20 of the healthy residents were immigrants who were vaccinated for TB and so were not at risk. Another 30 residents already had existing cases of TB on January 1st. On February 1st, 5 residents developed TB. On April 1st, 5 more residents developed TB. On June 1st, 10 healthy residents moved away from New York City were lost to follow-up. On July 1st, 10 of the residents who had existing TB on January 1st died from their disease. The study ended on December 31, 2000. Assume that once a person gets TB, they have it for the duration of the study, and assume that all remaining residents stayed healthy and were not lost to follow-up

What was the prevalence of TB in the screened community on January 1st?

6.0%

Which measure of disease frequency is usually reserved for infectious disease outbreaks?

Attack Rate