influence of others

Social facilitation

________:: the inc performance that occurs in the presence of co- actors or an audience.

Norms

________:: unwritten but commonly accepted rules for how to behave.

Norm formation

________:: when a(n) ________; convergence is an example of this.

Diffusion of responsibility

________:: in deciding whether we have to act, we determine that someone else in the group is more qualified.

Pluralistic ignorance

________:: when each individual in a group sees nobody responding in a given situation, they conclude that the situation is not an emergency.

Social loafing

________:: individuals seem to be less motivated when working a group than when working alone.

Autokinetic effect

________:: a staionary light in a pitch black room will appear to move about randomly bc the dot of light against a uniform dark bkg, you mistake the movement of the image on you retina as actual motion of the light.

Deindividuation

________:: in a group situation, the loss of a sense of personal responsibility and restraint.

Normative function

________:: the role of others in setting standards for our conduct based on a fear of rejection.

Audience

________:: a group of ppl watching an individual perform a task.

Low ball technique

________:: an escalation of the terms of an agreement after someone has already agreed to comply.

Informational function

________:: the role of others in providing information abt an ambiguous situation.

Cognitive dissonance

________:: a state of psychological discomfort brought on by conflict bw a persons attitude and their behaviour.

appropriate behaviours

Social learning theory:: we learn ________ by modelling and imitating the behaviour of others.

Risky shift effect

________:: suggests that groups are either always more risky or less risky that individuals depending on the situation.

Norman Triplett

participants would work faster when surrounded w others (cyclists, children w string)

co-actor

another individual performing the same task

audience

a group of ppl watching an individual perform a task

social facilitation

the inc performance that occurs in the presence of co-actors or an audience

Robert Zajonc

presence of others = inc arousal; simple tasks = performance enhanced, complex tasks = performance hindered

social learning theory

we learn appropriate behaviours by modelling and imitating the behaviour of others

norms

unwritten but commonly accepted rules for how to behave

autokinetic effect

a staionary light in a pitch black room will appear to move about randomly bc the dot of light against a uniform dark bkg, you mistake the movement of the image on you retina as actual motion of the light

Muzafer Sherif

did experiment w autokinetic effect

norm formation

when a norm forms; convergence is an example of this

Solomon Asch

asked a group which of the comparison lines does the sample line match with

normative function

the role of others in setting standards for our conduct based on a fear of rejection

informational function

the role of others in providing information abt an ambiguous situation

Deutsch & Gerard

line test in cubical, anonymous

James Stoner

studied the ‘risky shift effect

risky shift effect

suggests that groups are either always more risky or less risky that individuals depending on the situation

group polarization

group decision making tends to lead to more extreme views by strengthening the original inclinations of the individual group members

groupthink

Janis Irving

preventing groupthink

1) be impartial

questions to ask before deciding to act

1) is it truly an emergency

Latane & Darley

individual vs group in a room w smoke seeping in

pluralistic ignorance

when each individual in a group sees nobody responding in a given situation, they conclude that the situation is not an emergency

diffusion of responsibility

in deciding whether we have to act, we determine that someone else in the group is more qualified

direct

when seeking help in an emergency it is best to be

contagious

helpful behaviour is

social loafing

individuals seem to be less motivated when working a group than when working alone

other factors of milgrams study

distance bw the subject and the individual they were harming; they way the experimenter was dressed; the proximity of the experimenter to the teacher

bad

milgrams study also shows that people are judges at predicting their behaviour

cognitive dissonance

a state of psychological discomfort brought on by conflict bw a persons attitude and their behaviour

justification

can ease dissonance

deindividuation

in a group situation, the loss of a sense of personal responsibility and restraint

similarity to audience

according to Goethals and Nelson, similarity to audience is the most important criterion for persuading someone to change their lifestyle choice

one-sided argument

effective when audience is already leaning towards your position

two-sided argument

effective when audience initially disagrees w your position

central appeal

well reasoned, factual, two-sided arguments

peripheral appeal

well presented, easy to understand messages

foot in the door technique

a request that seems outrageous in isolation, is seen as being less unreasonable if it follows previous requests of escalating magnitude

low-ball technique

an escalation of the terms of an agreement after someone has already agreed to comply