CROP SCIENCE PRE-TEST

Horticulture

It is an area in crop science that deals with gardens and plants within an enclosure

CIMMYT

an international research organizations is mandated to do research and development of maize or corn

Biennials

These are plants that ordinarily require two years or at least part of two growing seasons with a dormant period between growth stages to complete their life cycle

Banana and abaca

an example of herbs

Latex and resins

These crops are known for their use for extracting sap from the trunk/stem

Bermuda grass

This belong to the turf classification of ornamental plants, wherein grasses that are grown to form a carpet-like grgound cover, commonly used in lawns, parks, golf courses, and sports fields.

Companion crop

These are crops being sown with another crop and harvested separately. The combination benefits either or both of the crops

Catch crop

Short-seasoned crops grown immediately after the failure of the main crop to utilize residual resources

Green manure

A crop that is plowed under while still green and growing to improve the soil

Chromoplast

Plastid responsible for the yellow, orange or red colors of many flowers and other parts of the plants

not a function of the plasma membrane

It synthesizes polysaccharides and glucose units for cell wall formation

Apical meristem

A meristematic tissue located at the tip of stem and roots that gives rise to primary meristem

Mitochondrion

structure that is common to plant and animal cells

Parenchyma

Tissue found in the cortical regions of the stems and roots and in the mesophyll of the leaves

Schlerenchyma

Scattered hard and tough cells that function in mechanical support

Xylem

Vascular tissue which conducts water and mineral salts upward the plant body

Sieve tube element

It is the chief food conducting element of the phloem

Companion cells

Parenchyma cells that are always found beside the sieve tubes and move food in and out of the sieve-tube member

Vascular tissue

the collective term for xylem and phloem tissues of the plant

Adventitious root system

a type of root system that grows from part of the plant other than the radicle

Runner

an indeterminate aboveground stem with internodes and new plantlet on tip

Calyx

refers to the lowermost whorl of modified leaves, also known as sepals

Hypocotyl

refers to the part of the stem of a sprouting plant that is above the root and below the stalk of the cotyledon

Jackfruit, cacao, and lanzones

examples of recalcitrant fruits

Multiple fruit

type of fruit develops from a number of flowers from an inflorescence like pineapple

Drupe

a type of fruit with a fleshy exterior and a single, hard, stony pit surrounding the seed

Hesperidium

Oranges, lemons, and limes are examples of_____

Caryopsis and samara

example of indehiscent fruit (fruits that do NOT split open at maturity.)

Photosynthesis

refers to the process by which green plants manufacture sugar and its precursors in the presence of light and chlorophyll

Respiration

An enzyme-catalyzed reaction involving the transformation of organic substrate into carbon dioxide and water accompanied by the release of energy

Leaf

an organ of the plant does photosynthesis occur

Amyloplast, Elaioplast and Proteinoplast

These are all types of leucoplasts (colorless plastids)

RuBP

Calvin-Benson Cycle, the CO₂ acceptor___.

PEP

In Hatch-Slack Pathway (C₄) The initial CO₂ acceptor is____.

Time

In CAM plants, the two CO₂-fixation processes are separated by____.

3-PGA

The first stable product of C₃ plants is

Glycolysis

this process produces two pyruvic acid molecules

cytoplasm

Where glycolysis occurs

inner mitochondrial membrane

where electron transport system occurs in and produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

In both cases, Rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially

How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?

Transpiration

process also referred as the “necessary evil”

Lenticular transpiration

refers to the loss of water through numerous pores in the outer layer of a woody plant stem

Translocation

refers to the long-distance transport of photoassimilates and other solutes

Development

refers to the attainment of size by virtue of growth and architectural style by the concomitant process of morphogenesis

Nyctinasty

refers to the folding of some leaves in response to light which usually assumes a rhythmic pattern because of its interaction with the biological clock

Gibberellic acid

This phytohormone stimulates stem elongation and promotes bolting in long day plants

Cytokinin

This phytohormone regulates morphogenesis in cultured tissues and delays leaf senescence

Ethylene

This phytohormone promotes ripening of climacteric fruits and leaf and fruit abscission

Blackman’s Theory of Optima and Limiting Factors

When a process is conditioned as to its rapidity by a number of separate factors, the rate of the process is limited by the lowest factor. This statement refers to

Seed quiescence

The condition in which seed cannot germinate because of unfavorable condition

Endodormancy

This is a type of dormancy that is due to physical factors or biochemical signals originating externally to affected structure

Stratification

It Is the seed treatment to cold temperature prior to germination

Scion

This refers to the short piece of detached shoot with one to several dormant buds and which is to become the upper portion of graft combination

Inarching

An asexual propagation technique in which plants are made to unite while growing on their roots

Genotype

The genetic design of a plant which dictates the ceiling of how much a variety/cultivar can yield

Short day plants

These plants require a dark period exceeding some critical length to induce flowering

Absolute drought

____is characterized by 29 days of consecutive days without rainfall of at least 0.25mm

General combining ability

refers to the average performance of a strain in a series of crosses

Quantitative trait

Plant height is known to be controlled by several minor genes which are highly influenced by the environment. This means that plant height is a

Gain in selection

It refers to the increase in mean performance of a population that is realized with each

This class of seeds is produced from breeder seeds that carry a red tag

Ratoon cropping

This refers to the development of a new crop without replanting from buds on the root system, stubble or stems of the preceding crops, a harvest not necessarily for grains

Magnesium

This mineral nutrient is an integral component of chlorophyll and acts as an activator of phosphorylation and RUBP carboxylase

older leaves

Deficiency symptoms are manifested in ___ if mobile nutrients are lacking

phosphorus

Plants exhibit purple coloring in leaves when__ is deficient and due to sugar accumulation resulting to high anthocyanin pigment formation.

Beneficial elements

are elements that can replace mineral nutrients in some other less specific function but not absolutely necessary for plant’s survival

Palawan

province is known for producing most of the cashew in the country

Dryland Farming System

refers to the growing of crops/or animals in relatively flat or plain areas where water is not regularly available except through precipitation or irrigation

Multi-storey/Multilevel Cropping

Cultivation of two or more crops of different heights simultaneously on a certain piece of land in any certain period

Minimum Tillage

It is a form of tillage which involves a considerable soil disturbance but to lesser extent than conventional tillage. Some crop residue is left on the soil surface

It includes sand, silt, and clay

true about soil texture

Prolonged rainy season

not an indicator of El Nino in the Philippines

Certified seeds

These are the final product produced by seed company or growers for commercial sale to crop producers

Reciprocal cross

It refers to the mating of two individuals in which each is used as the male parent in one cross and the female parent in the other

Strawberry – Stolon

a vegetative propagation forms that is correct

Grafting

a form of artificial vegetative propagation which joins two plant parts with objective uniting them so they can continue to grow as one

Sidedressing

A method of fertilizer application in which the fertilizer is placed along the rows near the base of the plant

Sulfur

a nutrient that is a constituent of several coenzymes, vitamins essential for metabolism, and two amino acids

NO₃⁻ (nitrate)NH₄⁺ (ammonium)

the available forms of nitrogen for plant absorption and utilization

Old leaves

Nitrogen deficiency leads to yellowing of _____ and stunted growth.

Secondary processing

the process of converting produce into more stable forms that can no longer be changed

Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage

a method of prolonging the shelf life of perishables by manipulating the supply and level of carbon dioxide and oxygen through gas generators and appropriate control devices in properly designed storage structures

Relative Humidity

an environmental (physical) factor NOT involved in deterioration

Curing

The process of toughening and self-healing of bruises skinned areas in root and tuber crops or the rapid closing of the neck of bulb crops under favorable conditions

Grading

The process of classifying produce into groups according to a set of recognized criteria o quality and size, each group bearing an accepted name and size grouping

Biyaya 10

a recommended peanut variety

Stabilizing selection

It refers to the mode of selection when adaptive individuals in the populations are selected under a constant environment through the years

Objective – Chemical/Compositional

Measurement of chemical constituents like total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acid (TA), ratio between solids or sugars and acid, oil content and starch content

Bundle sheath and mesophyll cells

Two distinct types of photosynthetic cells in C4 plants

Mitochondrion

During glycolysis, each glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate enters the

Auxin

This phytohormone promotes cell enlargement and cell division in the cambium in tissue culture and stimulates root initiation in cuttings

glycolysis

metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule

Oxygen

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs

Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic

ATP and NADPH

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with

haploid gametes

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis

absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae

Mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition mainly by

nitrogen

The inorganic nutrient most often lacking in crops is

Most serve mainly as cofactors of enzymes

Micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because

the mineral is very mobile within the plant

A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if