bilogy paper1

Prokaryotic cells

Cells that do not have a nucleus; they are generally smaller and include bacteria.

Eukaryotic cells

More complex cells that have a nucleus; includes animal and plant cells.

Nucleus

Cell structure that contains DNA.

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles.

Mitochondria

Cell organelles responsible for energy production.

Ribosomes

Cell structures where protein synthesis occurs.

Cell wall

A rigid structure in plant cells that provides support.

Chloroplasts

Cell structures in plants that conduct photosynthesis.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high water potential to low.

Diffusion

Passive movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Active Transport

The movement of substances against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical cells for growth and repair.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types; includes embryonic and adult stem cells.

Amylase

An enzyme that converts starch into sugars, produced in the salivary glands and pancreas.

Protease

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids, produced in the stomach and pancreas.

Lipase

An enzyme that converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Blood Vessels

The conduits through which blood flows; includes arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.

Phloem

Plant tissue that transports sugars and other metabolic products downwards from the leaves.

Xylem

Plant tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Antibody

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen.

Vaccination

Introduction of a dead or inactive pathogen to stimulate antibody production and immunity.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

Aerobic Respiration

The process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen.

Anaerobic Respiration

Energy production without oxygen, resulting in products like lactic acid.