AP Human Geography Unit One

Longitude

North → South

Latitude

East → West

International Date Line

Line that separates the days; left side is always a day ahead

Number of Time Zones

24

Quantitive Data

DEFINES data with NUMBERS and STATISTICS

Qualitative Data

DESCRIES data with INTERVIEWS and OBSERVATIONS

Positive Correlation

y=x

Negative Correlation

y=-x

Causation

When x DIRECTLY influences y

Correlation

When x DOES NOT directly influence y

Geographic Information System (GIS)

This system allows MULTILAYER digital maps for detailed observation (Ex: EDWARD’S AQUIFER)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Uses satellite navigation systems to determine the ABSOLUTE LOCATION of places or GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Remote Screening

A broad field on how to AQUIRE information. AQUIRE AQUIRE AQUIRE

Satellite Imagery

Pictures of Earth. Different from remote sensing because remote sensing senses, while Satellite Imagery takes PICTURES.

Online mapping and visualization

LIKE GOOGLE MAPS

Human Environment Interaction (HEI)

How people INTERACT and RELATE to the physical world by ADAPTING and MODIFYING.

Adaptation

People adjust to an environment through MAN MADE THINGS

Modification

Environmental adjusting LIKE TERRACING

Environmental Determinism

Theory that the environment AFFECTS culture

Possibilism

Theory that human culture is not dictated by the environment.

Human Geography

The study of humans; and where their activities are located and why.

Space

WHERE

Absolute Location

EXACT location using LONGITUDE and LATITUDE

Absolute Direction

CARDINAL DIRECTIONS (like north)

Absolute Distance

an exact NUMBER of units

Relative Location

The location of somewhere by COMPARING it to somewhere else

Relative Direction

Direction by COMPARING to somewhere else

Relative Distance

Time, effort, cost to reach somewhere

Relative Location #2

Change of IMPORTANCE of a location over time

Location

Position that something occupies

Toponym

NAME of a place

Site

Physical CHARACTERISTICS of a place

Situation

A location relative to other locations

Spatial Movement and Flows

The MOVEMENT of people, ideas, commodities, or other concepts through relocation or hierarchal or stimulus or contagious

General Spacial Patterns

How things are observed by EYE

Clustered/Concentrated/Dense

Grouped very CLOSE

Dispersed/Scattered/Sparse

Spread very APART

Spacial Analysis

The why of where

Tobler’s 1st Law of Geography

“Everything is related to everything else … but near things are more related than distant things.

Distance Decay

More distance from something = Less intensity of connection

Friction of Distance

Causes distance decay

Time-Space Compression

The idea that distance is becoming irrelevant due to advancements of technology.

Region

An area with similar characteristics that set it apart of other areas

Formal/Uniform

High consistency; does not change easily

Functional

Used for a purpose (Ex. Roads)

Nodal

All tied to a NODE

Perceptual/Venecular

Areas grouped with NO crisp or perfect BOUNDARIES

Belt regions

Regions in the USA that share CHARACTERISTICS

Geographic Scale

The amount of LAND a map shows

Global Scale

Whole world

National

A country

Regional

Region

Local

Anything SMALLER or EQUAL to a state

Scale of Analysis

How information is separated on a map

Limitations of Scale of Analysis

Different scales reveal variations of data

Local-Global Contiuum

Events at one scale affects events at ANOTHER SCALE.

Cartographic Scale

The RATIO between the distance on a map and its corresponding in the real world.

Large Scale

MORE DETAIL

Smaller SCALE

LESS DETAIL

Ratio

Distance

Scale

Detail

Reference Map

Shows where something is in space. Displays PHYSICAL and GEOGRAPHICAL data.

Thematic Map

Map that has a THEME

Political Reference Map

Highlights MAN-MADE features

Physical Reference Map

Highlights NATURAL features

Combined Reference Maps

highlights BOTH natural and man-made features

Choropleth

Shading

Pin Dot

Dot distribution

Graduated Symbols

Shapes by size

Isoline

Topographic Map

Cartogram

Maps scaled by SIZE

Flow Line

ARROWS

Combined

Combination of many map types

Globalization

Less time spent on traveling distance to make connections

World Systems Theory

3 Tiers

Core

Developed countries

Semi-periphery

Recently developed

Periphery

Developing

BRICS

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

MINT

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey

Four Common Distortions

Shape, Area, Distance, Direction

Cylindrical Projects

Take flat paper and make cylinder around globe

Mercator

The stubby one

Galls-Peter

The not stubby one

Conic

Flat cones

Azimuthal/Planar/Polar Projections

Squish the global

Robinson

Tries to get the best map possible