Laboratory 9 - The Skeletal System - The Appendicular Skeleton

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Limbs, the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, and the pelvic (hip) girdle.

The pectoral and pelvic girdles serve to attach what?

Appendages to the axial skeleton.

The pectoral girdle is composed of what?

2 clavicles and 2 scapula.

What is a clavicle?

The collar bone.

Describe the clavicle.

- S shaped.
- Blunt and smooth on medial (sternal) end, broad and flattened on lateral (acromial) end.
- Medial end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, lateral end articulates with the acromion process of the scapula.

Where is the medial end of the clavicle?

Where is the lateral end of the clavicle?

Describe the scapula (shoulder blade).

A large, triangular bone located on the posterior aspect of the thoracic cage.

Where is the superior border of the scapula?

Where is the coracoid process of the scapula?

Where is the acromion process of the scapula?

Where is the glenoid cavity of the scapula?

Where is the spine of the scapula?

Where is the medial border of the scapula?

Where is the lateral border of the scapula?

Where is the inferior angle of the scapula?

The upper limb is composed of what?

The humerus (upper arm); the ulna and radius (forearm), carpal (wrist) bones, along with hand bones - metacarpal bones and phalanges.

Describe the humerus.

- The largest and longest bone of the upper limb.
- Proximal end has a rounded head which articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Distal end articulates with radius and ulna.

Where is the anatomical neck on the humerus?

Where is the head on the humerus?

Where is the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

Where is the olecranon fossa on the humerus?

(Only present on the posterior view of the humerus!)

Where is the greater tubercle on the humerus?

Where is the trochlea on the humerus?

Where is the lateral epicondyle on the humerus?

Where is the lesser tubercle on the humerus?

Where is the capitulum on the humerus?

Where is the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?

Lateral side of shaft - like a bulging piece

The forearm consists of what?

The ulna and the radius.

In anatomical position, the ulna is medial/lateral and the radius is medial/lateral.

Ulna is medial, radius is lateral.

The proximal end of the ulna articulates with what?

The humerus.

Distally, does the ulna articulate with the carpal bones?

No, it articulates with the articular disc (a disc of fibrocartilage) which will articulate with carpal bones.

The proximal end of the radius (head) is what?

A rounded, plate-like structure with a thick margin.

The head of the radius articulates with what?

The humerus and the ulna.

Distally, the radius is \________mto articulate with what?

Expanded; carpal bones of the wrist.

Where is the olecranon process of the ulna?

Where is the trochlear (semilunar) notch of the ulna?

Where is the shaft of the ulna?

Where is the head of the radius?

Proximal end - blunt.

Where is the radial tuberosity of the radius?

Where is the styloid process of the radius?

In the wrist, how many carpal bones are there and how are they organized?

8 carpal bone. Arranged in two rows of four.

What bones make up the framework of the hand and how many are there?

The metacarpal bones. There are 5.

How are the metacarpals numbered?

1-5 starting with thumb.

Metacarpal bones articulate proximally with what and distally with what?

Proximally with the metacarpal bones and distally with the phalanges.

What are phalanges?

Finger and toe bones.

The thumb and the big toe have 2 phalanges, whilst all the other digits have how many?

3.

What are the phalanx of phalanges called?

Proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, and distal phalanx.

What is the pelvic girdle?

A strong bony ring attached to the sacrum of the vertebral column.

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

Two hip bones (or coxae) which unite anteriorly at the pubic symphysis.

Each coxae of the pelvic girdle consists of three fused bones. What are they?

The ilium, the ischium, and the pubis.

What forms the bony pelvis?

Coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx.

What is the true pelvis?

The lesser pelvic cavity. It contains the bladder and reproductive organs, as well as other pelvic organs.

What is the false pelvis?

The greater pelvic cavity. It is occupied by portions of the large and small intestines. It is more closely associated with the abdominal cavity.

What are the various differences between a male and female pelvis? (5)

- General structure
- Bone thickness
- Pubic angle (arch)
- Pelvic brim
- Acetabula

Describe the difference between male and female pelvises in regards to their general structure.

Male: deep and narrow; Female: shallow and wide.

Describe the difference between male and female pelvises in regards to their bone thickness.

Male: heavy and thick; Female: light and thin.

Describe the differences between male and female pelvises in regards to their pubic angle (arch).

Male: acute (sharp); Female: broad (round).

Describe the differences between male and female pelvises in regards to their pelvic brim?

Male: heart-shaped; Female: oval (large).

Describe the differences between male and female pelvises in regards to their acteabula.

Male: large and close together; Female: small and far apart.

Where is the ilium of the os coxa?

Where is the lilac crest of the os coxa?

Where is the ischium of the os coxa?

Where is the greater sciatic notch of the os coxa?

Where is the acetabulum of the os coxa?

Where is the ischial spine of the os coxa?

Where is the pubis of the os coxa?

Where is the obturator foramen of the os coxa?

Where is the ischial tuberosity of the os coxa?

Where is the coccyx?

Where is the pubic symphysis?

Where is the pubis?

Where is the ischium?

Where is the ilium?

Where is the sacrum?

Where is the acetabulum?

Where is the obturator foraman?

What bones make up the lower limb?

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Describe the femur.

- Longest and heaviest bone in the body.
- Proximal end (head) articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis. The distal end articulates with the tibia of the leg.

The distal end of the femur is formed by what?

The lateral and medial condyles.

Describe the patella.

* Is a sesamoid bone.
* Embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.

Describe the tibia.

- Is the medial and the larger bone of the leg.
- Serves to transmit weight of the body from the femur onto the foot.

Describe the fibula.

- Long and slender.
- On the lateral side.
- Not a weight-bearing bone.
- Does not enter into the formation of the knee joint.

Where is the head of the femur?

Where is the shaft of the femur?

Where is the lateral condyle of the femur?

Where is the intercondylar fossa of the femur?

Where is the neck of the femur?

Where is the medial condyle of the femur?

Where is the patellar surface of the femur?

Where is the greater trochanter of the femur?

Where is the proximal end of the tibia?

Where is the tibial tuberosity of the tibia?

Where is the medial malleolus of the tibia?

Where is the head of the fibula?

Where is the distal end of the fibula?

The ankle is composed of how many ankle bones?

7.

What bone of the ankle articulates with the tibia and the fibula?

The talus.

What is the calcaneus?

How many metatarsal bones are there in the foot?

5.