Second Geo Test

Weathering

this is the physical and chem changes in sediments and rock rocks when exposed to the astrosphere/biosphere

Dissolution

when ionic bonds are broken, and the separate ions are carried away in water

Hydrolysis

when a molecule is split into two parts by reacting with a water molecule

Oxidation

when a mineral positive ion combines with oxygen which forms oxide

Erosion

The grinding away and the removal of earth surface material by moving water, air or ice

Soil

It is the uppermost, organic rich portion of the regolith that support root growth

Sedimentary Rock

A consolidation of loose sediment derived from existing rocks which accumulate in layers

Detrital/Clastic

the later that the existing rocks accurate into

Chemical Sedimentary Rock

sedimentary rock that is made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solution

Diagenesis

when the change is both physical and chemical

Lithification

The transformation of lose sediment into rocks

Graded Bedding

A set of course to fine beds

Cross Bedding

Marked by a downward slope which indicates wind/current directions

Ripple Marks

A small, elongated ridge that forms on a sedimentary bed surface at a right angel to the direct of current flow

Relative Age Dating

when you are looking at two or more rocks, structural or event and try to figure our which is the oldest

Absolute Age Dating

Used to figure out how long ago (in years) a rock, event or structure happened

Stratigraphy

The description, class faction, and correlation of sedimentary rock

Uniformitarianism

a geological principle stating that the processes that can be observed today also happened in the past at a comparable rate

Superposition

The stuff on the bottom is older than the stuff on top

Original Horizontality

If not horizontal something happened (good for underwater)

Faunal Succession

when fossil assemblage is used to predicted where the stratigraphy unit should be

Formation

a series of rock layers with the same physical properties/fossils

Angular Unconformity

A types of unconformities where upper layers overlie beds that have been folded by tectonic prosses then eroded

Nonconformity

sedimentary rock lies on plutonic or metamorphic rock

Disconformity

-A type of unconformities where a upper set of layer overlies an erosional surface developed on a undeform, still horizontal set of beds

Half Life

The time it takes for half of a group of radioactive elements isotope to decay

Stable Isotope

non radioactive forms of atoms

Radioactive Isotope

An unstable isotope of a given element

Parent Isotope

A radioactive isotope that under goes decay

Daughter Isotope

the decay production of radioactive decay

Focus

The waves of motion surrounding the source of energy

Epicenter

The point on the surface of the earth directedly above the focus of the earthquake

Body Waves

they travel through the earth interior

Surface Waves

Similar to waves on water they cause ripples on the ground surface

S Waves

they are shear and cants shear fluid thus are slower

P Waves

they are compressed and dense thus they are faster

Magnitude

based on how much the ground shakes and how much energy is released

Seismograph

How the magnitude of earthquakes is measured

Liquefaction

When a earthquake happens on wet soil the quake separates the soil more and extra water speaks in. This causes the soil to lose its friction

Seismic Gap

when there is little to no earthquake activity on major fault lines

Stress

force and strain us is out on a rock

Compression

when the force of the stress is inward

Extension

The force of the stress is outward thus pulling rocks apart

Shear

when the forces are parallel but onsite of each other

Strain

The physical response to stress

Anticline

the oldest rock in the core

Syncline

the youngest rock in the core

Symmetrical Fold

when the axial plane is vertical

Asymmetrical Fold

when the axial plane is at a incline

Overturned Fold

is when the axial plane inclined to such an extent that the strata on one limb are overturn

Plunging Fol

a fold that is tilted downwards in space, parallel to the fold hinge plane

Strike

When the bearing of a line defined by the intersection of a plane and the horizontal

Dip

The angle between the plane and the horizontal measured perpendicular to the strike

Fault Plane

when a pane that represents the fracture surface of a fault.

Footwall

he rocks on the lower side of an inclined fault plane or mineral vein.

Hanging Wall

The rocks on the upper side of an inclined fault plane or mineral vein.

Dip-Slip Fault

when the motion of a fault blocks is perpendicular to the strike direction

Normal Fault

when a in dip slip fault the hanging wall moves down the footwall

Reverse Fault

when a in dip slip fault the hanging wall moves up the foot wall

Strike-Slip Fault

when the motion of a fault blocks is parallel to the strike direction

Sinistral Slip- Pertaining to a strike

slip or left- lateral fault in which the block across the fault moves to the left;

Dextral Slip Pertaining to a strike

slip or right - lateral fault in which the block across the fault moves to the left

Porosity

The % of void/empty space in sediment or rock for water

Permeability

The measurement of interconnected pores in rock like material

Soil Moisture

The water in pores of soil above the water table

Water Table

The division of aerated (unsaturated) and unsaturated zones

Ground Water

The water in pores below the water table

Potentiometric Surface

The level which pressurized water would rise in a tall pipe

Subsurface Water

All the water that is below the earth surface

Aquifer

A rock unit that is very porous and permittable that can be useful as a source of water

Aquitard

A rock unit with slow permeability in which the water flow is slow

Confined Aquifer

water-bearing stratum that is confined or overlain by a rock layer that does not transmit water in any appreciable amount or that is impermeable.

Mass wasting

all downhill rock and soil movement due to gravity

Angle of repose

The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose, of a granular material is the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping

Angle of sliding friction

like the angle of repose, varies inversely with size and density of fragments and directly with their surface roughness. For the same material, however, the angle of sliding friction is definitely lower than the angle of repose.

Creep

slow downslope

Landslide

the movement downslope of a mass of rock, debris, earth, or soil

Earthquake

The result of the release of build up stress in the lithosphere

Physical and chemical weathering and examples of each

Physical weathering is when rocks large rocks become small rocks because of natural forces. An example is frost (water expands when in freezes, as well as organic actively such as tree roots. Chemical weathering is when minerals formed under depth in not stables surface conditions with the main principle being water. There is dissolution (when ionic bonds are broken and the separate ions are carried away in water) as well as oxidation (when a mineral positive ion combines with oxygen which forms oxide)

Soil formation factors

The soil is formation factors include parent martial, climate, topography, bilocally activity and time

Relationship of clast size and shape to distance of transport; clast size and detrital sedimentary rock type

The types of transport of the rocks result in different distinct deposits. When well sorted it can mean that they were exposed to water or wind for a long time. When they are not well sorted, they are close to their source or to a glacier.
Production of chemical sedimentary rocks (ie. limestone, coal, and evaporates)Chemical sedimentary rocks form by chemical precipitation that begins when water traveling through rock dissolves some of the minerals. These minerals are carried away from their source and eventually redeposited, or precipitated, when the water evaporates away.

Sedimentary structures

To start there is bedding which is when the sediment are divvied but are parallel. Then there is cross bedding which is marked by a downward slope which can indicted wind/current. Then graded bedding which is when their is a set of bed that are course to fine. Lastly their is ripples which is when there is small dunes of sand or silt who long dimedones is a right angle to the current.

Production and classification of sedimentary rocks

They are formed by Erosion, Transport, Deposit and Compaction and diagenesis of sediments . There is Detrital/ clastic sedimentary rocks which are sedimentary rocks that have been formed due to the accumulation over long periods of time of sediments from the erosion of large rocks, slopes or mountains, and deposited by the simple effect of gravity. Then there is in Organogenic rocks these rocks are made of living things. Next chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition and accumulation of chemical processes like this. Lastly there is marls which is a is a type of mixed sedimentary rock that is formed by the accumulation of detrital rocks with chemical rocks. Because of this, some experts prefer not to consider them a type of sedimentary rock.

Transport of sediment and effects of transport

They are transported by ice wind or water and depending on weather the sediment is well or poorly sorted.

Relative dating techniques

One way is to sediment from lakes. This is good for paleology, it vary near ice margins, is datable and collects pollen. The next is dendrochronology which is the ring in tree trunks. There is also paleomagnetism
Principles of relative age dating

Faunal succession and correlation of rock units

A unifying principle by which rock units are categorized and recognized widely. This important principle raised questions about ancient life that were not easily answered at Smith's time, but even without answers to these questions, correlation between distant localities now became feasible.

Different unconformities and how to recognize

They are missing layers in the stratigraphic layer. There is angler uniformity which is when the upper set of layers overlie beds that have been folded by the tectonic processes the eroded. There is also disconformity which is when the upper set of layer overlies an erosional surface developed on a undeformed still horizontal beds,

Different absolute age dating methods and how they work, calculation of age using

There is radiometric age dating which measures the rate of decay in a radiative isotope. Next is carbon dating which is when a radioactive parent decays to stable daughter. Lastly there is U/Th so 234U only forms in calcite but not 230Th.

Earthquakes: How they occur, where they occur, what happens as a result, and how they are recorded (including location of epicenter, magnitude, intensity, etc.)

They are a result of a build up of stress in the lithosphere which often occurs at fault times. Mangitude is how intense the ground shaking is and the energy released. We use S and P waves to find the epicenter by recording the different arrival time .

Earthquake hazards and prediction

One hazard is the ground moving which can lead to property damage and landslides. It can also lead to soil liquefaction which is when because of the earthquake the soil breaks apart more allowing more water to seep in which in turn decreases soil friction. As well as fire from broken fuel lines, down power lines etc. Lastly tsunami's which are big fast and hard to predict.

Earth's interior and how we know about it

There are different layers that are different thickness and densities. We know this by using S and P waves from seismology. Change of material also means change in speed and direction.

Types of deformation and factors that affect deformation

In elastic deformation the size and shape will recover. Whereas in Ductile size and shape will not recover but the cohesion is not lost. Lastly, brittle cohesion is lost. Things that can affect it is temperature, pressure, rock type and time.

Forces that cause deformation

There are compressive forces, which is when the forces are pushing in. Then there are tensional forces which is when the forces push's out. Lastly is shearing forces when they forces are going the opposite direction.

Folding and faulting

Folds can plunge or not plunge. Antiform is a upfold while a synform is a downfold. There is also symmetrical folds which is when axis plane is vertical. As well as asymmetrical folds aka when a beds in one limb dip more steeply them the others. Lastly there is overturn folds which is when both limbs dip in the same direction but one limb has been titled beyond vertical. Faults are fracture in rocks there is dip slip faults and monition of faults blocks is perpendicular to the strike direction, In that there is normal when the hanging wall moves downs the foot wall and reverse which is when the hanging wall moves up foot wall. Lastly there is strike slip faults when the motion of faults block is parallel to the strike direction

Strike and dip

a measurement convention used to describe the orientation, or attitude, of a planar geologic feature

Effect of material size and shape on porosity and permeability

When the grain sizes are the same the porosity and permeability is good where as when it is mixed it is not porosity and permeability.

Ground water properties, movement, and withdrawal

Ground water is water in pores below the water table. This is prosperity which the precenting in sediments/rock, As well as permutability is the measuring the interconnection of pore in rocks. Then there is hydrohalic conductively is the ability of rock material to allow water to move through it. The last hydrohalic gradient is the gradient of the water table which normally follows the topographic gradient.

Artesian Conditions

If a well is drilled into a confined aquifer, the water can rise above its level in the aquifer because of extra hydrostatic

Factors affecting groundwater availability

One factor is the loss of recharge from the increased surface area. Another factor is on salty coast when salt water intrusion happens. Last humans can pollute the ground water.

Dissolution of limestone and formation of karst topography

Limestone near the earth's surfaces gets dissolved because the water has co2 in it.