Unit 5: Education - Keywords

formal education

takes place in classrooms, where there is a syllabus and set content to be taught and learnt

informal education

takes place outside classrooms at home or work through daily interactions

hidden curriculum

the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms

socialisation

the process of learning culture

secondary socialisation

socialisation following primary socialisation

social expectations

ways in which people are expected to behave in certain situations

social control

ways in which people are forced to behave a certain way

sanctions

ways children are reprimanded for something they've done

rewards

ways in which children are praised for something they've done

functions of education

ways in which education contributes to society

social mobility

movement up or down the social hierarchy

equality of opportunity

when everyone has the same chances of success

meritocracy

a system in which individuals reach deserving social positions based on skills, achievements and talent

post-cumpulsory education

education following the school-leaving age

state schools

schools established by the government

private school

school not run or controlled by the government

faith schools

schools controlled by a religious organisation

selective education

pupils selected and excluded on the basis of their academic ability

comprehensive system

non-selective schools accepting all children in the area

cultural capital

the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society

educational inequality

when different groups (CAGE) are treated differently or have different levels of educational achievement

positive discrimination

giving disadvantaged groups better treatment

social factors

things that affect lifestyle

discrimination

when one group's treated unfairly

ethnocentrism

seeing other cultures from the point of view of your own

intelligence

how clever someone is

social stratification

different levels into which societies are divided based on wealth, power and status

educational achievement

how well individuals do in the school system

labelling

defining someone in a certain way so that's expected of them

streaming

teaching children of similar ability in the same classes for all classes

material deprivation

standard of living in the home background of children that prevent them from achieving in education

home factors

factors in the home background of children affecting how they do in school

cultural deprivation

aspects of values and attitudes from the family background preventing children from achieving in education

immediate gratification

having short-term aims and wanting rewards straight away

deferred gratification

having long-term aims and being willing to postpone rewards

restricted code

informal form of language used with close friends and family

elaborated code

formal language used in careful detail

school factors

factors at school affecting children's educational achievement

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes people to act in ways that make that expectation come true

setting

teaching children of similar ability in the same classes for particular classes

IQ tests

Intelligence quotient tests involve answering questions that are then used to work out a score in which supposedly indicates how intelligent the person is

official curriculum

subjects and lessons and their content

vocationalism

vocational education prepares people for work or trains them for particular jobs or careers

life chances

the opportunities that individuals have to improve their lives

anti school subculture

the norms and values of a group of pupils that reject the school's values

culture of masculinity

norms and values that involve supposedly masculine characteristics

social conformity

fitting in with social expectations for behaviour

single-sex schools

schools that take either only boys or only girls