Apush Final Review Pt. 4 (Chapters 7+8)

Thomas Jefferson

• He proposed the idea for public education and was a republican 

• Him and his followers thought of Native Americans as “noble savages” and hoped that schooling in white culture would tame and “uplift” Native Americans 

• He founded the University of Virginia

Deism

• Accepting the existence of God but considered God a remote being who, after having created the universe, had withdrawn from direct involvement with the human race and its sins 

• Erased by Franklin and Jefferson

Second Great Awakening

• Where traditional religion staged a comeback in the form of a wave of revivalism 

• Conservative theologians wanted to fight the spread of religious rationalism and encourage church establishment to revitalize their organizations

Peter Cartwright

• Methodist circuit=riding preacher

• Won national fame as he traveled from region to region exhorting his listeners to embrace the church 

• He was often unprepared for the results of his efforts, a religious frenzy that produced fits and twitching “holy jerks”

Samuel Slater

• He was an immigrant to America from England 

• He used the knowledge he had acquired before leaving Enlgand to build a spinning mill for the Quaker merchant Moses Brown

Robert Fulton

• Him and Livingston were responsible for perfecting the steamboat and bringing it to the attention of the nation 

Clermont

• Steamboat equipped with paddle wheels and an English-built engine

• Sailed up to the Hudson in the summer of 1807

• Demonstrated the practicability of steam navigation

Albert Gallatin

• Secretary of the Treasury 

• Drastically reduced government spending, cutting the already small staffs of the executive departments to minuscule levels

Judicial review

• Court had exercised this power when it upheld the validity of a law passed by the legislature 

Marbury v. Madison

• Marbury’s commission, although signed and sealed, had not been delivered to him before Adams left office 

• James Madison had refused to hand over the commission to Marbury 

• Marubury appealed to the Supreme Court for an order directing Madison to perform his official duty 

• The Court found that Marbury had a right to his commission, but that the Court had no authority to order Madison to deliver it 

• On the surface, the decision was a victory for the administration, but the most important part was the Court’s reasoning in the decision

John Marshall

• Chief justice of the United States at the time of the Marbury vs Madison case, as well as many other important rulings

• Leading Federalist, prominent Virginia lawyer, secretary of state to John Adams, and had been appointed chief justice by Adams just before leaving office

• Established the judiciary as a branch of government coequal with the executive and legislature

Samuel Chase

• Targeted by Congress to be impeached 

• Federalist and had been unwise at times 

• He delivered unpleasant sounding speeches about his party, but had committed no crime 

• Congress said they could properly impeach a judge for political reason even if they hadn’t committed a crime 

• The House impeached him and sent him to trial before the senate, but the republicans we not able to get the amount of votes they needed

Franco-American settlement of 1800

• A foreign policy created by Jefferson that reflected his well known admiration for France (before he was aware of Napoleon’s imperial actions)

• Robert R. Livingston worked to secure the ratification of this treaty

Louisiana/Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon realized that he was not getting anywhere with his plan to take control of the New World

• He decided to accept Livingston’s proposal and offer the United states the entire Louisiana territory 

• Jefferson agreed even though he was skeptical at first because he had not been authorized by the government to do this 

• The US had to pay $15 million to the French Government, as well as grant certain exclusive commercial privileges to France in the port of New Orleans and had to incorporate the residents of Louisiana into the Union with the same right and privileges as other citizens

Loose construction

• A broad interpretation of a document 

• Jefferson said the country would correct the evil of loose constructions if it produced bad effects

General James Wilkinson

• Commissioner of the United States 

• Louisiana territory was turned over to him

“Essex Junto”

• A group of the most extreme federalists 

• Concluded that the only recourse for New England was to secede from the Union and form a separate “Northern Confederacy”

“Impressment”

• Forcing people into service 

• British vessels stopped United States ships on the high seas and seized sailors off the decks making them victims of this  

• The British claimed the right to seize naturalized Americans born on British soil

“The Embargo” of 1807

• Created in an effort to prevent future incidents that might bring the nation again to the brink of war 

• It prohibited American ships from leaving the United States for any foreign port anywhere in the world 

• This law was widely evaded, but it was effective rough to create a serious depression through most of the nation

“Peaceable coercion”

• A bill that Jefferson approved ending his experiment a few days before leaving office 

Non-Intercourse Act

• To replace Embargo, Congress passed this just before Madison took office 

• It reopened trade with all nations but Great Britain and France

Macon’s Bill No. 2

• Congress allowed the Non-Intercourse Act to expire and replaced it with this

• It conditionally reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France 

• Napoleon announced that France would no longer interfere with American shipping, and Madison announced that an embargo against Great Britain alone would go into effect in 1811 unless Britain renounced its restrictions on American shipping

William Henry Harrison

• Veteran of Native American conflicts and became a congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory in 1799

• He was a committed advocate of growth and development to the western lands

• Appointed governor of the Indiana Territroy by Jefferson

Tecumseh

• The 1807 war crisis created the conflict between Native Americans and white Americans 

• Him and Harrison rose up and emerged to oppose one another in the conflict

Tenskwatawa

• Religious leader and the orator known as “the prophet” 

• He had experienced a mystical awakening in the process of recovering from alcoholism 

• He began to speak to his people of the superior virtues of Native American civilization and the sinfulness and corruption of the white world 

• He inspired religious revival that spread through numerous tribes and helped unite them 

• He demonstrated the power of religious leaders to mobilize Native Americans behind political and military objectives

Battle of Tippecanoe

• Tecumseh left Prophetstown seeking Native American allies from the South 

• During his absence, Harrison camped near Prophetstown with a lot soldiers, and on November 7, 1811, he provoked a battle 

• Harrison drove off the Native Americans and burned down the town 

• Britain’s agents in Canada had helped supply the uprising for the Native Americans 

• Harrison saw only one way to make the West safe for Americans: drive the British out of Canada and take that province for United States

Oliver Hazard Perry

• American forces seized control of Lake Erie due to his work

• He engaged and dispersed a British fleet at Put-in-Bay

Battle of Put-in-Bay

• Perry dispersed a British fleet here which made possible another invasion of Canada by way of Detroit

Battle of Thames

• William Henry Harrison (American commander in the West) pushed up the Thames River into upper Canada

• Won a victory responsible for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army 

• This battle weakened and disheartened the Native Americans of the Northwest and diminished their ability to defend their claims to the region

Andrew Jackson

• Wealthy Tennessee planter and a general in the state militia

• Temporarily abandoned plans for an invasion of Florida and set off in pursuit of them

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• Jackson’s men took terrible revenge on the Native Americans 

• Slaughtered women and children along with warriors and broke the resistance of the Creek

• The Creek agreed to cede most of its lands to the US and retreated westward, farther into the interior 

• Battle won Jackson a commission as a major general in the US army

Bladensburg

Place on the outskirts of Washington where a British armada landed an army that marched here and dispersed a poorly trained force of American militiamen

Fort McHenry

• The British army proceeded up the bay toward Baltimore, but Batltimore harbor guarded by Fort Mchenry, was prepared 

• To block the approaching fleet, the American garrison had sunk several ships to clog the entry to the harbor, thus forcing the British to bombard the fort from a distance

Francis Scott Key

• Washington lawyer who was on board one of the British ships trying to secure the release of an American prisoner 

• The next morning, “by the dawn’s early light,” he could see the flag on the fort still flying

“The Star-Spangled Banner”

• After seeing the flag still flying, Key recorded his pride in the moment by scribbling this poem on the back of an envelope 

• The British withdrew from Baltimore, and Key’s words were set to the toon of an old english drinking song, this turned into the national anthem 1931

Battle of New Orleans

• A formidable array of British veterans landed below New Orleans and prepared to advance north up the Mississippi 

• Andrew Jackson was awaiting the British with a collection of Tennesseans, Kentuckians, Creoles, African Americans, pirates, and regular army troops behind earthen fortifications 

• The British advanced, but their exposed forces were no match for Jackson’s well protected men

• The Americans repulsed several waves of attackers, and the British finally retreated

• The British had many more casualties than the Americans

Hartford Convention

• Delegates from the New England states met in Hartford, Connecticut to discuss their grievances 

• Those who favored secession were outnumbered by a comparatively moderate majority

Treaty of Ghent

• The Americans gave up their demand for a British renunciation of impressment and for the cession of Canada to the United States 

• The British abandoned their call for the creation of a Native American buffer state in the Northwest 

• Signed in the Dutch city of Ghent

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Provided for mutual disarmament on the Great Lakes; eventually the Canadian-American boundary became the longest “unguarded frontier” in the world

Tariff of 1816

• Tariff law that limited competition from abroad on a wide range of items, most important was cotton cloth 

• Reason was because the British began competing with the Americans in trade, trying to recapture their lost markets

James Monroe

• Madison’s secretary of state, and he was from Virginia 

• Chosen by Madison to be the fifth president (he was 61 years old)

• Had served as a soldier in the Revolution, as a diplomat, and as a cabinet officer

“Era of Good Feelings”

• A Federalist newspaper, Columbian Centinel, observed that an “era of good feelings” had arrived 

• On the surface, the years of Monroe’s presidency were a time where everyone was happy and celebration

Adams-Onis Treaty

• Jackson considered taking Florida by force, knowing he could easily do it

• Onus realized he had no choice but to make peace with the americans

• Treaty where spain ceded all of Florida to the United States and also gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest

• In return, the American government gave up its claims to Texas

Missouri Compromise

• Complicating the Missouri question was the application of Maine as a new and free state 

• Henry Clay informed northern members that if they blocked Missouri from entering the Union as a slave state, Southerners would block the admission of Maine 

• The Senate agreed to combine the Maine and Missouri proposals into a single bill admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state

James Tallmadge Jr./Tallmadge Amendment

• Missouri applied for admission to the union as a state, but slavery was already established there 

• He proposed an amendment to the Missouri statehood bill that would prohibit the further introduction of enslaved people in Missouri and provide for the gradual emancipation of those already there 

• This amendment provoked a controversy that raged for the next two years 

  • The admission of Missouri as a free state would upset the balance of the north and south states and increase the political power of the North over the South

Cohens v. Virginia

• Marshall explicitly affirmed the constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions in this case 

• The states had given up art of their sovereignty in ratifying the Constitution, Marshall explained, and their courts must submit to federal jurisdiction; otherwise the federal government would be powerless

McCulloch v. Maryland

• Case where Marshall confirmed the “implied powers” of Congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States

• Case presented two constitutional questions: 

  • Could Congress charter a bank? And if so, could individual states ban or tax it?

• Webster argued that if the states could tax the bank at all, they could “tax it to death”

• Marshall adopted Webster’s words in deciding for the bank

Worcester v. Georgia

• The Court invalidated Georgia laws that attempted to regulate access by US citizens to Cherokee country 

• Marshall claimed only the federal government could do that, taking another important step in consolidating federal authority over the states and over the tribes 

• Marshall explained that the tribes should be distinct political communities having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive; he wanted to expand the rights of Native American nations to remain free from the authority of state governments 

• The Marshall decisions defined a place for Native American nations within the American political system

“Monroe Doctrine”

• Primary work of John Quincy Adams 

• It said the American continents were not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers 

• The US would consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of existing American nations an unfriendly act 

• Important as an expression of the growing spirit of nationalism in the US

“American System”

• A definite and coherent program created by Henry Clay

• Proposed creating a great home market for factory and farm producers by raising the protective tariff, strengthening the national bank, and financing internal improvements

“Corrupt bargain”

• The outrage the Jacksonians expressed about Adams winning the election and Clay being his secretary of state 

National Republicans

• Supporters of John Quincy Adams 

• Supported the economic nationalism of the preceding years

Democratic Republicans

• Supporters of Andrew Jackson 

• Called for an assault on privilege and a widening of opportunity