ASEAN LITERATURE

LITERATURE

derived from the latin word “Litera” which means letter or words

• Literature is the total of preserved writings/spoken words belonging to a given language or people

• Can generally be divided into two types:

  • Based on Structure

  • Based on Content

Litera

means letter or words

LITERATURE BASED ON STRUCTURE - PROSE

1. Novels - has at least 90k words

2. Short Story - 10-15K words

   • Examples:

   • Biag ni Lam-ang

   • Florante at Laura

3. Plays

4. Legends

5. Fables

6. Essay

7. Biography

8. Autobiography - written by yourself

9. News

10. Oration - formal speech

LITERATURE BASED ON STRUCTURE - NON-PROSE

1. NARRATIVE POETRY

   1. Epic - poem about extraordinary twist

   2. Metrical Tale - about romance

   3. Ballads - it needs to be narrated

2. LYRIC POETRY

   1. Folk Songs

   2. Sonnets

   3. Ode 

3. DRAMATIC POETRY - intended to be played in public

   • Example: Huling El Bimbo

LITERATURE BASED ON CONTENTS

1. FICTION OR “Literature of Power”

   1. Poems

   2. Short Stories

   3. Novels

   4. Plays

   5. myths

2. NON-FICTION or “Literature of Knowledge”

   1. Biographies

   2. News 

FICTION

“Literature of Power”

NON-FICTION

“Literature of Knowledge”

LITERARY DEVICES

• Refers to the typical structures used by the writers in their works to convey his or her messages in a simple manner to his or her readers.

LITERARY ELEMENTS

Have an inherent existence in literary pieces and are extensively employed by writers to develop a literary piece.

LITERARY TECHNIQUES

Are structures usually words or phrases in literary texts that writers employ to achieve not merely artistic ends but also readers a greater understanding and appreciation of their literary works.

FIGURE OF SPEECH

• or rhetorical figure is a word or phrase that intentionally deviates from straightforward language use or literal meaning to produce a rhetorical or intensified effect

SIMILE

• Create recognizable imagery by drawing parallels between different concepts.

• Enhance language by making comparisons that resonate with readers' experiences.

• Used in education to clarify complex concepts by linking them to familiar ideas.

EXAMPLE: He sleeps like a baby. (to sleep deeply and well:)

My brother and I fight like cats and dogs all the time.(argue or fights a lot)

METAPHOR

• makes a comparison in a way different from a simile.

• Enhances language by making comparisons that resonate with readers' experiences.

• Can make abstract concepts tangible, helping to visualize complex ideas.

EXAMPLE : She has a heart of gold. (she's very kind and generous)

She's a ray of sunshine. ( she is a happy person)

PERSONIFICATION

• Breathes life into ideas, creating a relatable narrative.

• makes abstract concepts tangible, helping to visualize ideas.

EXAMPLE: Light had conquered darkness.

• The past haunted him like a ghost. (the past bothers him or clings on to him) or nagpaparamdam pa rin sa kanya 

HYPERBOLE

• intentional exaggeration used to create a strong impression.

• emphasizes emotions or situations, making the message unforgettable.

  
  

EXAMPLE: I feel tired already because I had a million things to do when I was actually sitting idly.

“To infinity and beyond!” - limitless possibilities

ALLITERATION

• Employs the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words to create rhythm.

• Enhances the musicality of language, making it pleasing to hear.

  
  

EXAMPLE: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."

Imagery

• Uses descriptive language that appeals to the senses, creating vivid pictures in readers' minds.

• Immerses the audience in the experience being conveyed.

Example of Imagery in Romeo and Juliet:

In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo describes his first sight of Juliet with rich visual imagery:

O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!

Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night,

Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear

TYPES OF IMAGERY

1. Visual Imagery (Sight)

•Example: "The sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky in swirls of orange, pink, and purple, as if the

2. Auditory Imagery (Sound)

•Example: "The wind howled through the trees, a mournful whistle that echoed the loneliness of the night."

3. Olfactory Imagery (Smell)

•Example: "The kitchen was filled with the sweet, warm scent of cinnamon and freshly baked bread, mingling with the sharp tang of freshly squeezed oranges."

4. Gustatory Imagery (Taste)

•Example: "The tang of the lemon tart exploded on her tongue, a perfect blend of sharp acidity and sugary sweetness."

5. Tactile Imagery (Touch)

•Example: "The silk was cool and smooth against her fingertips, a delicate whisper of luxury that sent a shiver up her arm."

6. Kinesthetic Imagery (Movement)

•Example: "She leapt gracefully over the fence, her body a fluid motion, muscles rippling with the effortless power of a wild animal."

7. Organic Imagery (Internal Sensations)

•Example: "His heart pounded in his chest, each beat echoing with the dread that twisted his stomach into knots."

Irony

• presents a contrast between expectations and reality, creating a layer of meaning.

• Highlights inconsistencies in communication, often involving the unexpected.

• Engages critical thinking and encourages deeper engagement.
  

EXAMPLES: "What a beautiful day" said on a rainy day.

                    A cat-lover being allergic to cats.

Emphasis: The Role of Repetition

• Stresses a point through repeated use of words or phrases.

• Reinforces ideas, ensuring they resonate with readers or listeners.
  

EXAMPLES : It is what it is.

                    Home sweet home

Pun

form of wordplay that purposely substitutes words that sound similar but have different

meanings.

EXAMPLE: Did you hear about the Italian chef who died? - He pasta way - This pun uses the word "pasta" to describe the manner of death

                 Time Flies Like an Arrow: This pun plays on the double meaning of "flies." It can mean that time moves quickly, like an arrow, or it can refer to the insects known as flies.

Antithesis

• States strongly contrasting ideas placed in juxtaposition.

• Often contains compound sentences with two independent clauses separated by a comma or a semicolon.

• mainly used to portray the stark difference between the two opposing ideas.

EXAMPLE: "Keep your friends close; keep your enemies closer."

                 "Hope for the best; prepare for the worst."

Circumlocution

• use of a purposely wordy description. You can think of it as talking in circles.

• way of writing something using more words than are necessary
  

EXAMPLE:  “I wouldn't mind having something to eat at the moment” instead of directly saying “I'm hungry”
  The villain, Voldemort, is referred to as “He-Who-Must-not-Be-Named”  Instead of using his name, the characters refer to him using circumlocution since saying his name out loud can bring on a curse

Euphemism

• a word or phrase that softens an uncomfortable topic.

• a way to say something in an understated manner, often to avoid difficult topics—like money, death, or sex.

• uses figurative language to refer to a situation without having to confront it

EXAMPLES: He put him to sleep ( act of killing)

                     She's a couch potato - (someone lazy)

                     The car isn't used; it's “certified pre-owned.”

Synecdoche

• a figure of speech that substitutes a part for a whole or a whole for a part.

• word or phrase in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, or a whole is used to represent a part of something
  

EXAMPLES : “All hands on deck!” — uses “hands” to signify the whole sailors.

“I need a headcount by morning,” — uses “head” to represent a whole person.

“Nice wheels!” — uses “wheels” to designate a whole car.

Epigram

• a clever and memorable statement. You will find epigrams in speeches, poetry, and at the front

• of a book.

• comes from the Greek word epigramma, which meaning “inscription” 

• a short, incisive remark that usually introduces antithetical ideas in order to startle and captivate the listener.

EXAMPLES: “There are no gains without pains.” – Benjamin Franklin.

Circumlocution

• he use of a purposely wordy description. You can think of it as talking in circles.

• way of writing something using more words than are necessary

EXAMPLE:  “I wouldn't mind having something to eat at the moment” instead of directly saying “I'm hungry”

                  The villain, Voldemort, is referred to as “He-Who-Must-not-Be-Named”  Instead of using his name, the characters refer to him using circumlocution since saying his name out loud can bring on a curse

Example: 

Direct Statement: "He died."

Circumlocution: "He passed away after a long battle with his illness, peacefully departing this world.“

Genoveva Edroza - Matute

Who is the author of the story “Si Mabuti”?

• Mabuti

• Fe

• Mga Kaklase

• Anak ni Mabuti

• Ama ng anak ni Mabuti

Who are the characters in the story “Si mabuti”?

In 1948, sa Silid-aklatan, Silid-aralan at Eskwelahan o School

What is the settings of the story "“Si Mabuti”?

1st Person Point of View

What is the POV of “Si Mabuti”?

3rd Person Point of View

What is the POV of “Tata Selo”?

in 1961, sa lupang sinasakahan ni Tata Selo, presinto

What is the settings of the story "Tata Selo”?

• Tata Selo

• Saling

• Kabesang Tano

• Alkalde (presidente)

• Hepe

• Binatang anak ng pinakamayamang propitaryo sa San Roque

• Anak ng magbubukid na naniniwala kay Tata Selo

Who are the characters in the story “Tata Selo”?

Rogelio Sikat

Who is the author of the story “Tata Selo”?

Nguyen Ngoc Bich

Who is the translator of the poem “The Cherished Daughter”?

1700 AD

What is the settings of the poem “The Cherished Daughter”?

• Daughter

• Mother

Who are the characters of the poem “The Cherished Daughter”?

Tata Selo

Which literature in the Philippines talks about the injustice system of the country and the land dispute?

Theme

The central idea in a story.

• Symbolism

• Flash Forward

• Flashback

• Cliffhanger

• Foreshadowing

• Imagery

• Simile and Metaphor

• Personification

• Hyperbole

What are the 9 literary techniques?

1. Plot

2. Setting

3. Protagonist

4. Antagonist

5. Point of View:

6. Conflict

7. Mood

8. Tone:

9. Theme:

What are the 9 literary elements?

Plot

It is the logical sequence of events that develops a story.

Setting

 It refers to the time and place in which a story takes place.

Protagonist

“good guy”. It is the main character of story, novel or a play

Antagonist

“ bad guy”. It is the character in conflict with the Protagonist

 Point of View

The person or entity through whom the reader experiences the story.

Conflict

It is an issue in a narrative around which the whole story revolves.

Mood

A general atmosphere of a narrative.

Tone

The “attitude” of the speaker, narrator as conveyed through the language of the piece.

 Theme:

It is the central idea or concept of a story.

A. Women are compassionate, soft hearted, and in the face of hardship they have stood strong and courageous.

B. A strong person is the one who cries, then gets up again and fights.

C. There are no perfect people in this world, all of us have flaws.

D. Problems are a natural part of human life.

In the short story “Si Mabuti”. What does the author want to convey to the readers? Choose the best answer.

A. Mabuti’s point of view

B. Student’s point of view (Fe)

C. Daughter’s point of view

D. Author’s point of view

What point of view was used in the short story “Mabuti”?

A. Go-Between

B. Matchmaker

C. Intermediary

D. All of these

A person who arranges relationships and marriages between others

NON-FICTION

Writing that is based on true events, people, places, and facts. Designed to inform, and sometimes to entertain.

A. METAPHOR

B. EUPHEMISM

C. OXYMORON

D. IRONY

What figure of speech is:

“Hope” is the thing with feathers–

That perches in the soul - 

And sings the tune without the words - 

And never stops - at all.

POETRY

It is the genre of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language– such as phonaesthetic, sound symbolism, and metre– to evoke meaning in addition to, or in place of, the literature or mundane meaning.

A. FABLE

B. PARABLE

C. LEGEND

D. NOVEL

This type of prose features inanimate objects or forces of nature having humanlike attributes

A. The first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

B. The first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

C. Both statements are correct

D. Both statements are incorrect

Universality appeals to everyone, regardless of culture, race, gender, and time.

And artistry has an aesthetic appeal and thus possesses a sense of beauty.

LITERATURE

It is a body of work, either written, oral, or visual, containing imaginative language that realistically portrays thought, emotions, and experiences of the human condition

A. POEM

B. LITERATURE

C. DRAMA

D. ORATION

It is usually divided into acts or scenes and relies on props or imaginative dialogue to create a visual experience for the audience

A. Tata Selo killed the Cabeza to protest his eviction from the land

B. The Cabeza was killed by Tata Selo because he could not pay his debt

C. The chief police killed the Cabeza to avenge the dishonor the landlord brought upon his family

D. None of the choices.

In the short story Tata Selo, what is the reason behind Cabeza's death?

Abode of Peace

In Brunei Darussalam, What is the meaning of Darussalam?

World Poetry:  An Anthology of Verse from Antiquity to Our Time (1700 AD)

In what collection did Cherished daughter came from?

Achieve nirvana

Explain the ultimate goal of Buddhism

Originated in Ancient India

Which countries did Buddhism come from?

It represents a state of complete enlightenment and liberation from suffering. It's a state of perfect peace, happiness, and freedom from the cycle of rebirth (samsara).

• nirvana po ay higher state free of earthly possessions(sabi ni yuna)

What is Nirvana?

To represent the conflict within their relationship

Why do you think that there are 2 stoves in the story close proximity?

Kyaw Ma Ma Lay

Who's the author of close proximity

50 years old

In the certain literature in Brunei, how old is the sultan when Michael Jackson performed?

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah

Who was the sultan?

 Phan Nhien Hao tr. Linh Dinh

Who are the authors translators of Inside Submarine?

Le Thanh Huan

Author of Schoolboy's Apology

Feminism

Feminist literature is often associated with literary pieces written by women that deal with women in the society

New Historicism

It deals with the cultural context during writing of the piece of literature. This approach interprets literature for it’s meaning or idea in a particular socio- historical atmosphere

Formalism or New Criticism

The formalists’ interpretation of work of art is formulated by the information and details of the piece itself. Formalists focus is on rhetorical and logical connections within the writing.

Flashback

tells an interjected scene of the story that takes it back in time from the current point in the story and often used to tell the events that happened before another important event

Flash Forward

tells a scene that takes the narrative to a future time from the current point of the story

Cliffhanger

tells and abrupt ending which places the main characters in a perilous situation with no resolution

Foreshadowing

Important hints that an author drops to prepare the reader for what is to come, and help the reader anticipate the outcome .

Symbolism

It refers in using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning.