introduction to anatomy and physiology

human anatomy and physiology lecture 1

anatomy

describes internal and external structures of the body, including what they are made of and where they are located

gross anatomy

category of anatomy studying surface structures, regions of the body, and internal organs

microscopic anatomy

category of anatomy studying cells and tissues

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

physiology

study of individual and cooperative functions of anatomical structures

what are the six levels of biological organization concerning anatomy and physiology?

1. chemical level

2. cellular level

3. tissue level

4. organ level

5. system level

6. organismal level

complementarity

phenomenon where structure or form is closely related to function

emergent properties

properties that appear at a higher level of biological organization that were absent in the levels below, arising due to interaction between multiple components

what are the four biomolecules?

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleotides

organelle

small specialized structure in the cell with a specific function

tissue

groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

what are the four basic types of tissue in the human body?

• epithelial tissue

• muscle tissue

• connective tissue

• nervous tissue

role of epithelial tissue

cover and protect tracts and other hollow organs

role of muscle tissue

contraction

role of connective tissue

supports and connects various tissues

role of nervous tissue

sends and receives electrochemical signals

organ

structure made of different tissues

organ system

system consisting of related organs that have a common function

organism

combination of organ systems to create a human being

roles of all organ systems together

• maintain health

• protect against disease

• allow for reproduction of the species

what are the 11 organ systems in the human body?

• integumentary

• skeletal

• muscular

• nervous

• endocrine

• cardiovascular

• lymphatic

• respiratory

• digestive

• urinary

• reproductive (male and female)

major structures of the integumentary system

• skin

• hair

• sweat glands

• nails

functions of the integumentary system

• protects against environmental hazards

• regulates body temperature

• provides sensory information

major structures of the skeletal system

• bones

• cartilages

• associated ligaments

• bone marrow

functions of the skeletal system

• provides support and protection for other tissues

• stores calcium and other minerals

• forms blood cells

major structures of the muscular system

skeletal muscles and associated tendons

functions of the muscular system

• movement and locomotion

• provides protection and support for other tissues

• generates heat through contractions to maintain body temperature

major structures of the nervous system

• brain and spinal cord

• peripheral nerves

• sense organs

functions of the nervous system

• directs immediate responses to stimuli

• coordinates or moderates other organ systems via electrical signals

• provides and interprets sensory information

major structures of the endocrine system

• pituitary

• thyroid

• parathyroid

• pancreas

• adrenal glands

• thymus

• pineal

• gonads

• kidneys

functions of the endocrine system

• directs long-term changes in other organ systems

• coordinates activities of organ systems via hormones

• adjusts metabolism and controls changes during growth and development

major structures of the cardiovascular system

• heart

• blood

• blood vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries

functions of the cardiovascular system

• distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

• distributes heat to control body temperature

major structures of the lymphatic system

• spleen

• thymus

• lymphatic vessels

• lymph nodes

• tonsils

functions of the lymphatic system

• defends against infection and disease

• returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

major structures of the respiratory system

• nasal cavities

• sinuses

• larynx

• trachea

• bronchi

• lungs

• alveoli

functions of the respiratory system

• delivers air to alveoli

• provides oxygen to bloodstream

• removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream

• produces sounds for communication

major structures of the digestive system

• teeth

• tongue

• pharynx

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intestine

• large intestine

• liver

• gallbladder

• pancreas

functions of the digestive system

• processes and digests food

• absorbs and conserves water

• absorbs nutrients

• stores energy reserves

major structures of the urinary system

• kidneys

• ureters

• urinary bladder

• urethra

functions of the urinary system

• excretes waste products from the blood

• controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

• stores urine prior to voluntary elimination

• regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

major structures of the female reproductive system

• ovaries

• uterine tubes

• uterus

• vagina

• labia

• clitoris

• mammary glands

functions of the female reproductive system

• produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

• supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

• provides milk to nourish newborn infant

• sexual intercourse

major structures of the male reproductive system

• testes

• epididymis

• vas deferens

• seminal vesicles

• prostate gland

• penis

• scrotum

functions of the male reproductive system

• produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones

• produces suspending fluids for sperm

• sexual intercourse

characteristics of living things

1. definite size and shape (that fits functions)

2. movement

3. responsiveness

4. adaptation/evolution

5. reproduction

6. metabolism

7. cellular composition

8. growth, repair, and specialization

9. complex organization

10. homeostasis

11. definite lifespan

size and shape of a living organism

recognizable, differently built to carry out different functions

organ systems specializing in movement

skeletal and muscular

organ systems specializing in responsiveness to internal and external stimuli

nervous and endocrine

synaptic communication

communication between neurons or neurons and effector organs occurring across synaptic clefts

conductors and messengers of the nervous system

action potential and neurotransmitters

conductors and messengers of the endocrine system

hormones

time of onset of the nervous system

fast

time of onset of the endocrine system

slow

response time of the nervous system

short

response time of the endocrine system

long

range of target of the nervous system

local

range of target of the endocrine system

systemic

organ system specializing in adaptation/evolution

reproductive

organ system specializing in reproduction

reproductive

reproduction

ability to pass on genetic material to offspring

estrogen

promotes fat distribution to breasts and hips

testosterone

promotes muscle mass, more angular jaw, wider shoulders, wider larynx, and facial hair

metabolism

describes processes that are concerned with energy:

• producing energy

• storing energy

• using energy

organ systems specializing in metabolism

cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

powers most cellular work

organ systems involved in digestion and absorption

digestive and respiratory

organ system involved in circulation

cardiovascular

organ systems involved in secretion and excretion of waste

urinary and respiratory

digestion

process by which complex polymers are broken down to be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract

function of the kidneys

filtration and adjustment of fluid and molecules

characteristics of eukaryotic cells

• membrane

• nucleus

differentiation

to give up certain functions to be better suited to perform specialized functions

homeostasis

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

what is maintained through homeostasis?

• body temperature

• blood pressure

• pH

• oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

• osmotic pressure

• solute concentrations

set point

ideal value for a variable maintained through homeostasis

3 elements required for reestablishing homeostasis

• sensory receptor

• control/integration centre

• motor effector

sensory receptor

senses the change from homeostasis

control/integration centre

analyzes and interprets the sensory information from the receptor and generates a response

motor effector

executes the response to the stimulus, restoring homeostasis