Manner of death is determined by
Forensic anthropologists
The most effective way to discriminate a male from female skeleton
Pelvic shape
New Anthropology
Ethnoarchaeology
Mortuary practices & Reassociation of skeletal remains with grave goods
Binford
Bioarchaeology
No legal context
Osteobiographies
Lived experiences of past lives
Differences in femurs due to biological response to cultural stimulus
Lovejoy & Ruff
Cause of death is determined by
Coroners
NOT a side effect of NAGPRA
End of bioarchaeology
NAGPRA stands for
Native American Graves Repatriation Act
Uses knowledge from current cultures to make inferences about past cultures
Ethnoarchaeology
Bone dissolving cells
Osteoclasts
Cause of death is
Cessation of breath
Cardiac arrest
Cessation of brain activity
Manner of death is
Circumstances surrounding a person's death
Bone growth during development primarily occurs at the
Metaphysis
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
Fully mature bone cells
Osteocytes
NOT a method of primate locomotion:
Faunivory
Number of bones in human body:
206
Sir W.E. Le Gros Clark
First Primatologist
Florivorous primates have:
High sharp molars
Which species conceals estrus?
Homo sapiens
Sectorial premolar:
Canine honing
Brachiation
mode of locomotion which involves swinging from branch to branch.
Quadrumanous locomotion:
Orangutans
NOT a primate trait
Wet noses
The following is NOT a primate mating system:
Mandible
NOT an ape:
Baboon
Size difference between males and females
Sexual dimorphism
Tarsiers are
Haplorhines
NOT a prediction of sociobiology
Female infanticide
What is NOT a constraint on male reproduction?
Distribution of food on the landscape
Which animal engages in post-reproductive period (menopause) maternal care?
Orcas
The Grandmother Hypothesis explains?
Post-reproductive period
Invest 13 years in the future
Cicadas
What is a constraint on female reproduction?
Access to resources
Senescence
Process of aging
Non-biological stages of life
Kindergarten
First job
Marriage
Highly constrained by evolution & life cycle
Dental eruption
Allocare
Non-maternal care
Coocoo bird
Parasitic lifecycle
What does "osteo" mean?
Home
What is bioarchaeology?
Study of ancient & historic human remains in a richly configured context that includes all possible reconstructions of the cultural and environmental variables relevant to interpretations drawn from those remains
What is osteology?
Study of bones (bioarchaeology, forensics, physical anthropology, paleopathology, paleoanthropology, anatomy)
Wealth of info
The human skeleton provides a wealth of information on the health, diet, lifestyle, ancestry, and demography of past peoples
What are the six physiological functions?
Support & movement, muscle attachment, protects vital organs, contains marrow, stores for calcium & phosphorus, synchronizes w/ hormonal system
Bone Chemistry
24% organic (collagen), 76% non-organic (calcium, minerals, phosphate)
Heterodont dentition
Incisor - Canine - Premolar - Molar
Human Adult Dentition Formula
2-1-2-3
What is the biocultural approach?
the scientific study of the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culturally
Ancestral Haplorrhine
Tarsiers
Frugivore
Fruit
Seasonal
In groves
Folivore
leaves
Less seasonal
Widely dispersed
Insectivore
Insects
Not seasonal
Gumnivore
Sugar/tree gum
Not seasonal
Widely dispersed
Faunivory
Meat eating (non-insect)
Not seasonal
Widely dispersed
Vertical clinging & leaping
Lemurs & Lorise
Arms and legs same length
Legs more bent
Body oriented vertically
Arboreal Quadrupeds
Monkeys
Slightly longer legs
Prehensile hands/feet
Long tail
Terrestrial Quadrupeds
Baboon
Similar arm & leg length
Short tail
Semi-Brachiation
New World Monkeys
Prehensile tail
Knuckle Walking
Gorillas
Longer arms than hind limbs
Scapula on back
Curved fingers
Bidepalism
Humans
Long legs compared to arms
Inferior foramen magnum
Valgus knee
Arched foot, parallel big toe
Polyandry
One female mates w/ multiple males
Polygamy/Harem
One male mates w/ multiple females
Multimale-Multifemale w/ Fission/Fusion
Multiple mating opportunities
Aggressive displays
Yawning, smiling, chest thumping
Affiliative displays
Grooming, allomothering/allocate, reciprocal altruism
Two concepts of the human mind
Plato: Divine ideas are inherent Aristotle: Experience shape ideas
Sociobiology
Study of the biological basis for animal & human behavior
Criteria for reciprocal altruism
Brain size (bigger brain = bigger social groups)
Reproduction potential
Diurnal
Day
Nocturnal
Night
Cathemeral
Varying times
Crepuscular
Dusk/dawn
What kind of debts do primates remember?
Who owes you
Who you owe
Who bullied you (social debts)
Brain stem function
Keeps basic funcions regulated
Cerebellum function
Muscular coordination
Neocortex
Where higher thinking takes place
Brain to body ratio
Smaller animals = smaller brains Larger animals = larger brains
Expensive Tissue Hypothesis
Trade-off between brain size and size of gut--happened with food that is easily digested and higher quality (meat) and extra-oral (outside of mouth) processing of food
Hox genes
Controls each section of the brain that natural selection can operate on
How do human brain neurons differ from primate brain neurons?
Different in connection between neurons, but not number of neurons
Grey Matter vs. White Matter of the brain
Grey matter (neurons): 10% higher volume White matter (glial cells & myclinated axons): connect all brain cells