KIN 358 - Exam 2

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143 Terms

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The major function of the Cardiovascular System (2)

Removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products

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The major function of the Cardiovascular System (3)

Transport of hormones and other molecules

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The major function of the Cardiovascular System (4)

Support of thermoregulation and control of body fluid balance

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The major function of the Cardiovascular System (5)

Maintenance of acid-base balance

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The major function of the Cardiovascular System (6)

Regulation of immune function

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The major function of the Cardiovascular System (1)

Delivery of oxygen and other nutrients

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Any system of circulation requires 3 components

1. A pump (the heart)

2. A system of channels or tubes (the blood vessels)

3. A fluid medium (the blood)

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Primary goal of the cardiovascular system

To ensure that there is adequate blood flow throughout the circulation to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues

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Heart Size

About the size of a fist

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Heart Location

The center of the thoracic cavity

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Heart Function

Pump that circulates blood through the entire cardiovascular system

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Atria of the Heart

Act as receiving chambers

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Ventricles of the Heart

Serve as pumping units

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Pericardium

Tough membranous sac that encloses the heart

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Right side of the heart pumps

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary circulation

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Left side of the heart pumps

Oxygenated blood to all other tissues in the body through the systemic circulation

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Pulmonary Circulation (right heart)

Superior, Inferior vena cavae > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs

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Systemic Circulation (left heart)

Lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta

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Myocardium

Cardiac Muscle

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Most powerful pump of the four heart chambers

Left Ventricle

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Intercalated Disks

Interconnects individual cardiac muscle fibers end to end

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Desmosomes

Structures that anchor the individual cells together so that they do not pull apart during contraction

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Myocardium vs. Skeletal Muscle

1. Myocardium has to contract as if it were a single unit

2. Myocardial fibers are rather homogeneous in contrast to the mosaic of fiber types in skeletal muscle

3. The mechanisms of muscle contraction (cardiac muscle contraction occurs by calcium-induced calcium release

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Coronary Arteries

The primary blood supply to the heart

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Right Coronary Artery Divides Into

1. Marginal Artery

2. Posterior Interventricular Artery

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Left (main) Coronary Divides Into

1. Circumflex Artery

2. Anterior descending artery

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Atherosclerosis

Narrowing by the accumulation of plaque and inflammation

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Spontaneous Rhythmicity

Cardiac muscles unique ability to generate its own electrical signal which allows it to contract without any external stimulation

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Without neural or hormonal stimulation, the intrinsic heart rate (HR) averages

100 beats per minute

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The four main components of the cardiac conduction system

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node

2. Atrioventricular (AV) node

3. AV bundle (bundle of His)

4. Purkinje fibers

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The impulse for normal heart contraction is initiated by the

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A group of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located in the upper posterior wall of the right atrium

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The SA Node cells spontaneously depolarize faster than any other myocardial cells because

They are especially leaky to sodium

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SA Node Intrinsic Firing Rate

100 beats per minute

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Sinus Rhythm

Rhythm established by the SA node

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The electrical impulses generated by the SA node spread through to

Both atria and reaches the atrioventricular (AV) node

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Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Conducts the electrical impulse from the atria into the ventricles, delays is about .13 seconds

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Atrioventricular (AV) Node Location

Right atrial wall near the center of the heart

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Reason for the delay from the atria into the ventricles

It allows blood from the atria to completely empty into the ventricles to maximize ventricular filling before the ventricles contract

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Active Contraction of the atria is sometimes called the

"Atrial kick"

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Right and Left Bundle Branches

Send the impulse towards the apex of the heart and then outward

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Purkinje Fibers

They transmit the impulse through the ventricles approximately 6x faster than through the rest of the cardiac conduction system

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Three Extrinsic Systems

1. The parasympathetic nervous system

2. The sympathetic nervous system

3. The endocrine system (hormones)

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The Sympathetic Nervous System on Extrinsic Control

Sympathetic stimulation increases the rate of depolarization and conduction speed, and thus the heart rate

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Maximal sympathetic stimulation can increase the heart rate to

250 beats per minute

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The Endocrine System on Extrinsic Control

Exerts its effects by two hormones released by the adrenal medulla: norepinephrine and epinephrine.

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Normal Resting Heart Rate

Between 60-100 beats per minute

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Extended periods of endurance training (months to years) can cause the resting heart rate to decrease to

35 beats per minute or less

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Lowest heart rate found in a world-class, long-distance runner

28 beats per minute

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Electrocardiogram

Recording of the electrical activity or the heart to monitor cardiac changed or to diagnose potential cardiac problems

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A standard ECG is recorded from how many electrodes?

10

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Three basic components of the ECG

- The P wave

- The QRS complex

- The T wave

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P wave

Represents atrial depolarization and occurs when the electrical impulse travels from the SA node through the atria to the AV node

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The QRS Complex

Represents ventricular depolarization and occurs as the impulse spreads from the AV bundle to the purkinje fibers and through the ventricles

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The T Wave

Represents ventricular depolarization

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Cardiac Arrhythmias

An irregular heart rhythm that can occasionally occur due to disturbances in the normal sequence of cardiac events

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Bradycardia

Resting heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute

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Tachycardia

Resting heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute

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Symptoms of both arrhythmias include

Fatigue, dizziness, light-headedness, and fainting

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Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

Feeling of skipped or extra beats. Relatively common and result from impulses originating outside the SA node

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Atrial Flutter

Atria depolarizes at rates of 200 to 400 beats per minute (a more serious arrhythmia)

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Atrial Fibrillation

Atria depolarize in a rapid and uncoordinated manner (a more serious arrhythmia)

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Ventricular Tachycardia

3 or more consecutive premature ventricular contraction. Compromises the pumping capacity of the heart and can lead to ventricular fibrillation

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Ventricular Fibrillation

Depolarization of the ventricular tissue is random and uncoordinated. When this happens, little to no blood is pumped out of the heart

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Cardiac Cycle

Includes all the electrical and mechanical events that occur during on heartbeat

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Diastole

Relaxation phase - the chambers fill with blood. Approximately twice as long as the systole phase

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Systole

Contraction phase - ventricles contract and expel blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

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Diastole Occurs during the

T wave and continues until the next contractio

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About _____ % of the blood filling the atria during diastole passively flows directly through the mitral and tricuspid valves into the ventricles. When the atria contract, the atria push the remaining _____ % of their volume into the ventricles.

70, 30

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Lub (first sound)

The closing of the atrioventricular valves

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Dub (second sound)

Closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves

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Stroke Volume (SV)

The volume of blood pumped during one beat

SV= EDV - ESV

(Example: SV = 100 ml - 40 ml = 60 ml)

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he SV at rest in the standing posture averages between

60 and 80 ml of blood

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End-diastolic Volume (EDV)

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, just before contraction

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Normal end-diastolic volume at rest

100 ml

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End-systolic Volume (ESV)

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle just after the contraction

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Normal end-systolic volume at rest

40 ml

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Ejection Fraction

The fraction of the blood pumped out of the left ventricle in relation to the amount of blood that was in the ventricle before contraction

Divide stroke volume by EDV

60 ml / 100 ml = 60%

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The ejection fraction in healthy young adults usually average at about

60%

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Cardiac Output (Q)

Total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute

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The average adult body contains about _____ of blood

5 L

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Vascular System

Contains a aeries of vessels that transport blood from the heart to the tissues and back: the arteries, the arterioles, the capillaries, the venules, and the veins

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Arteries

Large muscular, elastic, conduit vessels transporting blood away from the heart to the arterioles

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Largest Artery

The aorta

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Arterioles

Site of greatest control of the circulation by the sympathetic nervous system. Heavily innervated by the sympathetic nervous system and are the main site of control of blood flow to specific tissues

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Capillaries

Narrowest and simplest vessels in terms of their structure, with walls only one cell thick. Virtually where all exchange between the blood and the tissues occurs

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Venules

Where the blood goes after it leaves the capillaries to begin its return trip to the heart. Forms larger vessels called the veins

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Veins

Blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart

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Greatest vein transporting blood back to the right atrium from all regions of the body above and below the heart

The vena cava

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Blood Pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls (usually refers to arterial blood pressure)

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Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

The higher number; represents the highest pressure in the artery that occurs during ventricular systole

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Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

The lower number; represents the lowest pressure in the artery corresponding to ventricular diastole when the ventricle is filling

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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

The average pressure exerted by the blood as it travels through the arteries

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Estimating Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

MAP = 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBR OR

MAP = DBP + [0.333 x (SBP - DBP)]

EXAMPLE

normal resting BP of 120 mmHg over 80mmHg

MAP = 80 + [0.333 x (120-80)] = 93 mmHg

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Pulse Pressure

(SBP - DBP)

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Blood flows from the region of the vessel with _____ pressure to the region of the vessel with _____ pressie

High, low

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The resistance that the vessels provide is largely dictated by

The length and radius of the blood vessel and the viscosity or thickness of the blood flowing through the vessel

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Resistance to flow calculation

Resistance = n x L / r^4

n = viscosity

L = length of the vessel

R ^4= radius of the vessel raised to the fourth power

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Vasoconstriction

The constriction or narrowing of blood vessles

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Vasodilation

The dilation or widening of blood vessels