Comprehensive University Study Guide: Human Physiology and Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Last updated 11:33 PM on 6/30/26
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20 Terms

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Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within the body.
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Excitability
The property of living organisms that permits them to react to stimuli.
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Homeostasis
A state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables; critical for maintaining a stable internal environment.
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Neural Regulation
Controls body functions through the nervous system and nerve impulses.
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Humoral Regulation
Controls body functions through hormones or chemical substances transported in body fluids.
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Autoregulation
A local control mechanism in which tissues and organs regulate their own activities in response to changes in their environment.
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Negative Feedback
A mechanism that restores a variable to its set point by moving it in the opposite direction of the change.
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Positive Feedback
A mechanism that enhances or accelerates a process, leading to further change.
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
Maintains high intracellular K+ and low intracellular Na+ concentrations, essential for nerve impulse transmission.
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Resting Potential
The resting state of a cell membrane where the inside is negative relative to the outside.
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Action Potential
A rapid, temporary change in membrane potential in excitable cells.
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Process where action potential leads to muscle contraction.
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Hematocrit
The percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes.
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Coagulation
The process of blood clotting that involves multiple steps leading to the formation of a stable clot.
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Cardiac Cycle
The sequence of events in the heart during one complete heartbeat.
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Respiratory Exchange
Involves pulmonary ventilation, alveolar gas exchange, gas transport, tissue gas exchange, and cellular respiration.
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Glycolysis
Cytoplasmic conversion of glucose to 2 pyruvate, net yield 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Normal value is 125 mL/min, indicating kidney function.
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Endocrine System
The collection of glands that produce hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and other functions.
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Fertilization
The process in which sperm and egg unite, occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.