HESI - Anatomy & Physiology practice test

What are the four fundamental tissues ?

Epithelial,connective,muscle,nervous

Epithelial Tissue ?

Cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs.

Connective tissue ?

Is the framework of the body which provides support and structure for the organs.

Nerve Tissue ?

Composed of neurons and connective tissue cells (Neuroglia).

Muscle Tissues ?

Have the ability to contract or shorten

Function of the nucleus ?

Carries DNA

Function of Ribosomes ?

Important for the synthesis of proteins

Mitosis ?

DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly between two daughter cells.

Meiosis ?

Cell division where 46 chromosomes are reduced to 23 so they zygote has the correct number of chromosomes.

What is the largest organ in the body ?

Skin

How many layers does the skin consist of ?

Two : Dermis & Epidermis

Epidermis ?

The outermost protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells.

Dermis ?

The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin structures.

What are the layers of the Epidermis from outer layer to inner layer ?

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, and stratum germinativum (Inner most layer).

What are the two parts of the Germinativum (Innermost layer of the Epidermis) ?

Stratum basale & Stratum spinosum

Where does mitosis occur ?

Stratum Germinativum

Epidermal cells contain the protein pigment called _______ ?

Melanin

What is the function of melanin ?

Protects against radiation from the sun

What is the dermis composed of ?

fibrous connective tissue,

What are the two types of sweat glands ?

Eccrine & Appocrine

What is eccrine ?

regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin.

What is appocrine ?

secretion that contains bit of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. This cell bacteria attracts bacteria, and the presence of bacteria on the skin results in body odor.

What does the appendages of the skin contain ?

hair and nails

What does the body's framework consist of ?

bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

What are some of the functions of the skeletal system ?

support, movement, blood cell formation

what is hemopoiesis ?

blood cell formation

Describe the properties of a long bone ?

has an irregular epiphysis at each end, composed of spongy cancellous bone and a shaft/diaphysis

What are the bones of the cranium ?

single occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and paired parietal, temporal, and ossicles of the ear.

how many bones does the cervical vertebrae have ?

7

how many bones does the thoracic vertebrae have ?

12

how many bones does the lumbar vertebrae have ?

5

what is the tail bone called ?

coccygeal vertebrae

what does the bones of the thorax contain ?

sternum &12 pairs of ribs

what are metacarpals ?

bones of the hand

what are phalanges ?

bones of the fingers

what are the carpals ?

wrist bones

what are the metatarsals ?

bones of the foot

how do muscles produce movement ?

by contracting in response to nervous stimulation

how do muscle contractions result ?

the sliding together of actin and myosin flaments within the muscle cell or fiber.

________ needs to be present inorder for a muscle cell to contract

Calcium & ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

What causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum ?

Nervous stimulation from motor neurons

what are voluntary muscles ?

the skeletal muscles that make up the muscular system

What is the prime mover ?

the muscle that executes a movement

what is the antagonist ?

the muscles that produces the opposite movement that was completed by the prime mover.

what does a flexor muscle do ?

reduce the angle at the joint

what does the extensor muscle do ?

increase the angle

what does the abductor muscle do ?

draw the limb away from the midline

what does the addutor muscle do ?

returns the limb back towards the body

What is the nervous system made up of ?

the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What is the function of the nervous system ?

enables us to perceive many of the changes that take place in our external and internal environments and to respond to those changes ex: seeing, hearing,touching

what is the function of endocrine glands ?

correlating and integrating body functions such as digestions and reproduction

all actions of the nervous system depend on _______

the transmission of nerve impulses over neurons, or nerve cells.

What are nerve cells known as ?

the functional units of the nervous system

what are the main parts of a neuron ?

cell body, axon, dendrites

What is the function of dendrites ?

transmit the impulse toward the cell body

what is the function of the axon ?

transmit the impulse away from the cell body

the nervous system may be divided structurally into two groups which are ?

CNS (central nervous system) & PNS (Peripheral nervous system)

what does the PNS consist of ?

all of the nerves that transmit information to and from the CNS

What is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons ?

transmit nerve impulses towards the CNS

what is the function of motor (efferent) neurons ?

transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs.

what are the major parts of the brain ?

cerebrum, cerebellum, & medulla oblongata

What is the function of the cerebrum ?

associated with movement and sensory input

what is the function of the cerebellum ?

responsible for muscular coordination

what is the function of the medulla oblongata ?

controls many vital fucntions such as respiration and heart rate

approximately how long is the spinal cord ?

18 inches

how many pairs of spinal nerves exist in the spinal cord ?

31

what are simple spinal reflexes ?

those in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain

what do most reflex pathways involve ?

impulses traveling to and from the brain in ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord.

where do sensory impulses enter from ?

the dorsal horns of the spinal cord

where do motor impulses leave from ?

through the ventral horns of the spinal cord

what is the function of the endocrine system ?

assist the nervous system in homeostasis and plays an important role in growth and sexual maturation.

where does the nervous system and endocrine system meet ?

at the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

what is the function of the hypothalamus ?

governs the pituitary gland and in turn is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood.

what are hormones ?

chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells

what are the two major groups of hormones ?

steroid and nonsteroid

what are steroid hormones ?

enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus

what are nonsteroid hormones ?

are protein hormones which remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger, usually a substance called AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate)

the cortisol released from the adrenal cortex does what ?

inflammation, raises blood sugar levels, and inhibits the release of histamine

what is another name for the pituitary gland ?

the master gland

what are the two main parts of the pituitary gland ?

the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) & the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

what are the hormones of the adenohypophysis ?

tropic hormones

what is the function of tropic hormones ?

act on other endocrine glands

what are the hormones released from the posterior lobe ?

oxytocin (labor hormone), ADH -antidiuretic hormone

blood consists of _____% of plasma ?

55%

blood consists of ____% of formed elements ?

45%

what are erythrocytes ?

red blood cells

what are leukocytes ?

white blood cells

what are the different types of formed elements ?

RBC, WBC, & Platelets

what are all of the formed elements produced from ?

stem cells in red bone marrow

why are erythrocytes modified ?

for transport of oxygen

What are the 5 types of WBC's ?

neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes,

what is the function of blood ?

transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells and serves to carry away carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.

which circuit is the blood pumped through to get to the body ?

systemic circuit

what side is the tricuspid valve on ?

right

what side is the bicuspid valve on ?

left

where are the semilunar valves found ?

at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

blood is supplied to the heart muscle (myocardium) by ________ ?

the coronary arteries

where does the blood drain from ?

the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the coronary sinus.

the heart has an intrinsic beat that is initiated by the ________ and transmitted along a conduction system through the myocardium.

sinoatrial node

what is an ECG used for ?

to measure the wave of electrical activity