Life Science

Femur

This bone attaches at one end to the acetabulum. The vastus lateralis originates from this bone, whose namesake artery is the largest in the body.

Phloem

This tissue grows out from the vascular cambium, and Ernst Munch developed a hypothesis based on pressure in this tissue.

Peroxisomes

This organelle can cause Zellweger's syndrome, and if it is unable to process phytanic acid during myelin sheath formation, Refsum's disease ensues.

Hysterectomy

What name is given to the procedure that results in the removal of the uterus?

Tracheotomy

What name is given to the procedure in which a small hole is created in a person's neck to allow a tube to be inserted in the windpipe to aid with breathing?

Gallbladder

A cholecystectomy (COAL-siss-eck-to-me) is the surgical removal of what digestive organ which stores and secretes bile?

Pistil

What name is given to the female part of a flower?

Stamen

What name is given to the male part of a flower?

Pollen

The anther is located in the stamen and is responsible for the production of what substance that is transferred to the stigma to begin the process of fertilization?

Marsupials or Marsupalia

Although it is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "bear," the panda actually belongs to what group of animals within the class Mammalia that also includes kangaroos?

Firefox

The animal called a red panda is not a bear at all but is closely-related to raccoons. The red panda also goes by what alternate name that also names a web browser rival of Google Chrome.

Bird

Despite eating a variety of foods, the animal known as a "kingfisher" is not a fish, but rather what general type of animal?

Thyroid Gland

The disorder known as Graves' Disease is an autoimmune disease that affects what butterfly-shaped gland in the neck?

Adrenal Glands

Addison's Disease results from an insufficient amount of cortisol and maybe aldosterone being produced by what paired glands that sit atop the kidneys and that produce epinephrine?

Pituary Gland

Cushing's Disease is typically caused by an increased secretion of ACTH by what gland in the brain, sometimes called the "master gland" of the human body?

Bones

The prefix osteo- refers to what substance in the human body?

Kidneys

The prefix néphro- refers to what organ in the human body?

Lung

The prefix pulmo-refers to what organ in the human body?

Pancreas

The Islets of Langerhans can be found in what organ of the human body?

Kidneys

The Loop of Henle can be found in what organ of the human body?

Bones

Blood vessels and nerves travel through Haversian canals, which are microscopic tubes found in the outermost region of what body structures?

Chitin (KYE-tin)

What long-chain polymer and derivative of glucose is functionally similar to keratin and makes up the cell walls of fungi?

Arthropods or Arthropoda

Chitin also makes up the exoskeletons of what group of invertebrates that includes insects, arachnids, and crustaceans? Scorpions and crabs belong to this group.

Mollusks

The rasping, tongue-like structure known as a radula (RAD-you-luh) is composed of chitin and used for feeding by what largest marine phylum that includes gastropods like snails and slugs?

Bat

The bumblebee variety of what flying animal that may or may have been responsible for starting a certain pandemic?

Hummingbird

The smallest bird on earth is the bee variety of what bird known for its unique ability to fly backwards and upside-down?

Nano-chameleon

In early 2021, scientists announced the discovery of the smallest reptile on earth, a species of what Old World lizard whose members are often able to change color to blend in?

Angioplasty

What medical procedure involves inserting a balloon into a blocked heart artery and then inflating it to widen the vessel, allowing for better blood flow?

Stents

Angioplasty is often accompanied by the insertion of what small, wire mesh tubes which function to prop the artery open permanently so that it does not get blocked again?

Bypass Surgery

Blood vessels from other parts of the body, often the leg or arm, are used to reroute blood flow in what other heart procedure that often comes in "double" or "triple" varieties?

Cephalopods or Cephalopoda

Animals such as the squid, octopus, and cuttlefish all belong to what class of mollusks whose name translates to "head-foot"?

Gastropod or Gatropoda

Animals such as snails and slugs belong to what class of mollusks whose name translates to "stomach-foot"?

Pseudopods or Pseudopodium or Pseudopodia

What name is given to the temporary arm-like projection of the cell membrane of eukaryotes like amoebas whose name translates to "fake foot"?

Two

Most fish have a heart with how many chambers?

Three

Amphibians have a heart with how many chambers?

Four

How many chambers are in the heart of a bird?

Xylem

In plants, what name is given to the vascular tissue made of tracheids and vessel elements which conducts water throughout the plant?

Phloem

In plants, what name is given to the vascular tissue made of sieve tube elements and companion cells which conducts food throughout the plant?

Guard Cells

What name is given to the specialized cells on the surface of a leaf that regulate the size of the pores known as stomata?

Echinodermata or Echinoderms

Animals such as sea stars and sea urchins belong to what phylum whose name translates to "spiny skin?"

Cnidaria

Jellyfish belong to what phylum, named from a body part which they use for stinging?

Porifera

To what phylum do all sponges belong?

Mastectomy

Often needed by cancer patients or undertaken by those with cancer in their families, what term is used to refer to the surgical removal of all or part of a breast?

Colostomy

Usually requiring the use of a special bag to collect waste, what name is given to the surgical procedure often undertaken by victims of colon cancer, which sees a piece of the colon diverted to an artificial opening in the abdominal wall?

Stomach

Often used in treatment of cancer, the full or partial removal of what organ is known as a gastrectomy?

Punnett Squares

What name is given to 2-by-2 grid of boxes used by geneticists to predict the genotypes of offspring during a genetic cross?

100%

If you are crossing two individuals who are both homozygous dominant for a certain trait, what percentage of their offspring will display the trait?

Phenotype

What term beginning with “P” refers to the set of observable characteristics like eye color and blood type that an organism possesses?

Homologous structures

What “H” term is used to refer to structures that are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor? The wings of bats, the front flippers of whales, and primate arms are considered these.

Vestigial structures

What “V” term is used to refer to structures such as hip bones in whales that are present but have little or no known function?

Vermiform appendix

What vestigial structure in humans is located at the end of the colon and often becomes inflamed and filled with pus, requiring emergency removal?

Liver

The portal vein flows into this organ that synthesizes cholesterol. Hepatitis and cirrhosis affect what bile secreting organ?

Polymerase chain reaction

What is the full name of the process abbreviated PCR by which biologists make lots of copies of a particular gene for use in studies?

Electron transport chainElectron transport chain

What is the full name of the cluster of proteins found within mitochondria that is abbreviated ETC and which move negatively-charged particles from NADH and FADH2 to O2, releasing energy that is used to form ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate

What is the full name of the molecule abbreviated ATP?

Ivan Pavlov

What man that won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is best-known for his work with dogs where he noted that the animals salivated naturally upon being presented with food?

Ringing a bell (accept equivalents; prompt on “sound” or similar)

Pavlovian theory involves pairing a stimulus with a conditioned response. In the case of the dogs, what stimulus did Pavlov pair with the feeding of the dogs, causing the dogs to eventually salivate only to the stimulus?

Classical or Respondent conditioning

Pavlovian theory is also known as what type of conditioning?

Stomata

What name is given to the pores found on the surface of leaves which facilitate gas exchange?

Guard cells

The stoma are bordered by what specialized pair of cells that are responsible for the size of the opening?

Cuticle

What seven-letter term names the waxy film that covers the surface of leaves which functions to prevent evaporation of water from the surface and to stop external water and solutes from entering?

Radial Symmetry

Members of the phylums echinodermata and cnidaria such as sea urchins and starfish exhibit what type of symmetry around a central axis?

Bilateral symmetry

Flatworms and clams exhibit what type of symmetry in which contain a single plane of symmetry dividing the organism into two halves that are mirror images of one another?

Asymmetry

Fiddler crabs having one big claw and one small claw is an example of what body plan in which there is no symmetry?

Alveoli

What tiny air sacs in the lungs allow for the rapid exchange of gasses?

Veins

What cardiovascular structures carry deoxygenated blood into the vena cava?

Spleen

This organ is absent in patients with a congenital disorder known as Ivemark Syndrome and it is also affected in patients with Epstein-Barr Virus. The Cords of Billroth are found in this organ which can produce lymphocytes via its malpighian corpuscles. What organ is responsible for the destruction of red blood cells?

Pancreas

The Islets of Langerhans are located in what organ that is the site of insulin production?

Spleen

What organ consisting of red and white pulp is the site of red blood cell destruction?

Stomach

Connected to the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter, is what organ of the digestive system that produces hydrochloric acid?

Cleft palate

What birth defect results from the two plates of the skull that form the roof of the mouth not completely fusing together? This often results in a gap in the jaw or a hole in the roof of the mouth.

Spina bifida

What birth defect typically occurs in the lower back when the neural tube does not close all the way, resulting in the vertebrae not correctly forming around the spinal cord? It results in varying levels of physical and intellectual disabilities.

Fetal alcohol syndrome or Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (prompt on “FAS” or “FASD”)

What congenital birth defect that is characterized by intellectual disabilities and physical deformities like a thin upper lip and small eye openings is caused by excessive consumption of alcohol during pregnancy?

UGC, CAG, GGU

Given a base sequence in DNA, identify the complementary sequence in mRNA. ACG- GTC- CCA-

Crossing Lover

During metaphase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate and exchange genetic information during a process known by what two-word term?

Nondisjunction

The most-common error during meiosis occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate. What is the name for this failure which often results in such conditions as down syndrome, Turner’s, and Klinefelter’s?

Down Syndrome

One result of nondisjunction is trisomy 21, a disorder resulting in three copies of chromosome 21 and commonly known as what?

Lepidoptera

What name is given to the order of insects that includes butterflies and moths?

Hymenoptera

What name is given to the order of insects that includes wasps, bees, and ants?

Arthropoda

Extinct members of this phylum include the trilobite and this phylum was studied extensively by Thomas Hunt Morgan. Members of this phylum have segmented bodies that are protected by an exoskeleton. Identify this largest animal phylum that includes arachnids and insects.

Scapula

What is the anatomical name for the shoulder blade?

Patella

What is the anatomical name for the kneecap?

Pituary Gland

Located in the sella turcica and developing from Rathke’s pouch, this structure is divided into anterior and posterior lobes and secretes vasopressin and oxytocin. LH, FSH, and growth hormone are all secreted by what gland that lies under the hypothalamus and is known as the master gland?

Mammalia or Mammals

Humans belong to what taxonomic class?

Primata or Primates

Humans belong to what taxonomic order?

Chordata or Chordates

Humans belong to what taxonomic phylum which includes all vertebrates and a few other organisms who possess a notochord at some point during their development?

Amylase

What enzyme present in saliva catalyzes the hydrolysis of starches into sugars?

Catalase

What enzyme used by peroxisomes breaks down hydrogen peroxide?

RuBisCo

This enzyme's namesake activase promotes the binding of its substrate to carbamylated active sites, and this enzyme’s main function produces phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in the presence of oxygen. Responsible for fixing carbon dioxide to ribulose in the first stage of the Calvin Cycle is what most abundant protein on Earth?

Substrates

To speed up a reaction, an enzyme will bind to one or more reactant molecules. What is the name of these molecules on which an enzyme acts?

Active site

What name is given to the site on the substrate to which the enzyme binds and where the catalytic effects take place?

pH scale

The efficiency of an enzyme is affected by temperature and what other quantity, defined as the measure of how acidic or basic a substance is? A perfectly neutral substance on this scale has a value of 7.

Angina

What condition, whose symptoms often simulate a heart attack, is caused when the heart does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood? Most people suffering from this feel a large pressure or squeezing in their chest.

Arrhythmia

What condition that is usually caused by a problem with the electrical impulses in the heart, results in an irregular heartbeat, or one that beats too fast or too slow?

Aneurysm

The back of the knee, the spleen, intestines, the brain, and the aorta are common locations for what condition in which a bulge is formed from the wall of an artery? The aortic kind of this results in over 25,000 deaths per year in the U.S.

Antihistamines

Benadryl and Zyrtec are brand names for what general class of drugs which function to treat or reduce the symptoms of hay fever and other allergies?

Antacids

Tums and Mylanta are brand names for what general class of drugs which function to neutralize the low pH level of the stomach that can lead to indigestion and heartburn?

Analgesics

What general class of drugs is sometimes called painkillers and includes NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen?

Autotroph

What nine-letter word refers to an organism that can form its own food from simple * organic substances such as carbon dioxide, light, and water?

Adaptation

What ten-letter word is defined as a change or process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment?