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Tissue
A group of specialized cells of the structure and function
Organ
Composed of two or more tissues working together to perform a particular function
Organ system
Composed of several organs working together to perform a general process
Epithelial Tissue
Consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer; covers surfaces (skin) and body cavities; forms glands; usually has a protective function, but can be modified for secretion, absorption, excretion, or filtration; the cells are connected by junction proteins; cells attached to basement membrane made of proteins that anchors epithelium to underlying tissues
Connective Tissue
Widely spaces cells; binds and supports body parts; most abdunant and widely distributed tissue in the body; has specialized cells, ground substances and protein fibers; ground substance is not made of cells; can be solid or liquid; protein fibers can be collagen, reticular, or elastic; fibrous connective tissue make up fat tissue, tendons, and ligaments; supportive connective tissues are cartilage and bones; fluid connective tissue is blood.
Muscular Tissue
Composed of muscle cells called fibers that are specialized to contract; muscle tissues responsible for body movement and generation of body heat; skeletal muscles are attached to bones and are voluntary; smooth muscles line internal organs and are involuntary; cardiac muscle lines wall of the heart and is involuntary
Nervous Tissue
Receives stimuli and transmits nerve impulses; contains nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells called neuroglia; nerve cells specialized to conduct impulses; allows communication between brain and rest of body; nerve cells have dendrites (conducts impulses toward cell body), cell body has nucleus, and axons (conducts impulses toward impulses away from the body)
Epidermis
Composed of stratified(multiple layers), squamous(flat) epithelium(several layers of flat, closely packed cells); most cells are dead and filled with a protein called keratin; deepest layers have actively dividing cells that replace cells that flake off
Dermis
Deeper and thicker; composed mostly of dense fibrous connective tissue; contains all living parts (sweat glands, oil glands, hair roots, blood vessels, nerves)
Location and Contents of the Dorsal Cavity
Contains the brain and spinal cord; located in the back
Location and Contents of the Ventral cavity
Divided by diaphragm into thoracic cavity(heart and lungs) and abdominal cavity(digestive system organs)
Briefly describe the four basic functions of the digestive system
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: breaking food down into small molecules that can cross plasma membranes; mechanicals digestion physically breaks food down; chemical digestion chemically breaks food down into monomers
Absorption: moving molecules from digestive organs into body
Elimination: ridding body of undigestible remains
List in order the organs of the digestive (gastrointestinal) tract of humans.
Mouth: oral cavity; takes in food; teeth physically break down food into smaller pieces; salivary glands secrete enzyme that starts chemical digestion of starch
Pharynx: common tube for respiratory system and digestive system
Esophagus: tube connecting pharynx with stomach
Stomach: mainly for food storage; some mechanical digestion occurs; some protein digestion occurs
Small Intestine: site of most chemical digestion and absorption; wall of small intestine contains circular folds, villi, and microvilli to increase surface area for digestion and absorption
Large Intestine: larger in diameter than small intestine, shorter; includes cecum, colon, rectum, anus; stores indigestible material until it is eliminated as feces; site of water absorption and vitamin absorption
Rectum: Stores and regulates elimination of feces
Anus: outlet of the digestive tube
Briefly describe the functions of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in digestion.
Gallbladder: stores bile between meals
Liver: in digestion it secretes bile; bile helps to digest fats
Pancreas: in digestion, it secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrates and other enzymes that digest proteins
Ecology
The study of the interaction amount organisms and with their environment
Habitat
The place where an organism lives
Population
All the organisms belonging to the same species within an area at the same time
Community
All the populations interacting in a specific area
Biotic potential
The highest possible growth rate for population: depends on for factors
4 Factors that determine biotic potential
Number of offspring per reproductive event that survive to reproductive age
Amount of competition within the population
Age of the members of the population along with the number of reproductive opportunities they have available
Presence of disease or predators
carrying capacity.
The maximum number of individuals of a given species the community can support with available resources
Opportunistic Populations
live in fluctuating environments, density-independent factors keep population low, tend to be small individuals, short life span, fast to mature, many offspring, little or no care of offspring, many offspring die before reproducing, early reproductive age
Equilibrium Populations
Live in stable environments, carrying capacity determines population size, tend to be large individuals, long life span, slow to mature, few and large offspring, much care of offspring, most young survive to reproductive age.
Symbiosis
close association between two different species over long periods of time
Parasitism
One organism feeds on another organism but does not kill it immediately
Commensalism
One organism benefits; other unaffected
Mutualism
both organisms benefit
Batesian Mimicry
one species with weak defenses resembling another species with strong defenses
Mullerian Mimicry
several species with equally strong defenses resembling each other
Ecological succession
a change within a community involving a series of species replacements
Primary Succession
Starts with bare rock; rock eroded into soil and supports grasses. As plants grow and die’ the soil gets thicker to support bigger and longer living plants; bigger and longer living plants means bigger and longer living animals
What is a food web
Diagram showing feeding relationships in a community