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Allele
Any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a given locus
BRCA
Either of the two tumor suppressor genes that in mutated form tend to be associated with an increased risk of certain cancers and especially breast and ovarian cancers
Cryosurgery
Surgery in which deceased or abnormal tissue (as a tumor or wart) is destroyed or removed by freezing (as by the use of liquid nitrogen)
Familial Cancer
Cancer that occurs in families more often than would be expected by chance. These cancers often occur at an early age, and may indicate the presence of a gene mutation that increases the risk of cancer. They may also be a sign of shared environmental or lifestyle factors.
Genetic Marker
Alteration in DNA that may indicate an increased risk of developing a specific disease or disorder.
Hereditary Cancer
Caused by mutations passed on from parents to their children or other blood relatives may share this same gene.
Marker Analysis
A genetic technique whereby the sequence of the gene is not directly analyzed, but the mutant copy (allele) of the gene is inferred through analysis of a genetic marker. The gene mutation is analyzed using a genetic marker instead of directly analyzing the gene itself.
Microsatellite (STRs)
Any of numerous short segments of DNA that are distributed throughout the genome, that consist of repeated sequences of usually two to five nucleotides, and that are often useful markers in studies of genetic linkage because they tend to vary from one individual to another.
Melanoma
A tumor of high malignancy that starts in the melanocytes of normal skin or moles and metastasizes rapidly and widely. (Skin cancer)
Sporadic Cancer
Arise from gene damage acquired from environmental exposures, dietary factors, hormones, normal aging, and other influences. Most acquired gene changes are not inherited.
Screening
To test or examine for the presence of something (as a disease).
Virologist
A specialist in virology, the branch of science that deals with viruses.
Preventative Measures for Breast Cancer
Nutrition
Physical Activity
Prophylactic Surgeries
Hormonal or Anti-estrogen Therapy
Prophylactic Surgeries
Surgery to remove one or more breaths to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer; can reduce the risk by 95%.
Ovaries and Fallopian tubes can also be removed.
Hormonal or Anti-Estrogen Therapy
Blocks and lowers the amount of estrogen in the body (hormone affected in breast cancer).
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Sexually transmitted infection
Causes abnormal
Main cause of cervical cancer
Linked to throat and mouth cancer
Vaccine available
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Types of herpes simplex virus known for causing infectious mononucleosis (mono)
Infects and stays in B lymphocytes
Increases risk of Nasopharyngeal Cancer and Burkitt Lymphoma
Linked to Hodgkin diseases and stomach cancer
No vaccine or medication available
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Known to cause liver cancer
Vaccine available
Mammogram
Breast Cancer Screening Test, done at age 40 in females
Colorectal Cancer Screening Test
High-sensitivity stool based test
Colonoscopy
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
A region of DNA composed of a short sequence of nucleotides repeated many times.
behavioral risk factors
behaviors that increase the chances of disease, injury, or premature death
genetic risk factors
relate to genes inherited from your parents
environmental risk factors
characteristics of your surroundings that may expose you to injury or disease
Osteosarcoma
bone cancer
Pap smear
Test for early detection of cervical cancer; scraping of cells removed from cervix for examination under microscope.
genetic marker
Alteration in DNA that may indicate an increased risk of developing a specific disease or disorder
most common cancer in the US
skin cancer
ABCDE's of Skin cancer
asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving
prostate cancer
cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in African American men middle-aged and older
urologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
gastroenterologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
dermatologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin
oncologist
a physician who studies and treats tumors
basal cell carcinoma
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; generally does not spread
squamous cell carcinoma
Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules.
low dose CT scan
1/5 of the radiation of a standard CT scan, used to screen for lung cancer.
FOBT
fecal occult blood test, used to screen for colorectal cancer.
PSA test
measurement of levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood
Relative Mobility (Rf)
ratio of the distance each protein(DNA) migrates to that of the tracking dye
