Grade 3 Middle School Mathematics Sudan Curriculum Review

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the primary concepts of the Grade 3 Sudanese Middle School Mathematics curriculum, including algebra, geometry, functions, statistics, and logarithms.

Mapping (Function / الدالة)

A mathematical relationship where every element of the domain (set $X$) is associated with exactly one unique element in the codomain (set $Y$).

Domain (المجال)

The set of all possible input values (usually represented by set $X$) for which the function or mapping is defined.

Codomain (المجال المقابل)

The set that contains all possible potential output values of a function or mapping.

Range (المدى)

The set of all actual output values or images that correspond to elements of the domain under a specific mapping.

Base (الأساس)

The number that is being multiplied by itself in an exponential expression, such as the number $a$ in the expression $a^n$.

Exponent or Power (الأس أو القوة)

The number representing how many times the base is multiplied by itself, such as the number $n$ in the expression $a^n$.

Zero Exponent Rule (الأس الصفري)

A mathematical rule stating that any non-zero real number raised to the power of zero is equal to one, represented as $a^0 = 1$ where $a \neq 0$.

Negative Exponent Rule (الأس السالب)

A rule stating that a number with a negative exponent is equal to its reciprocal with a positive exponent: $a^{-n} = \frac{1}{a^n}$.

Logarithm (اللوغريتم)

The exponent or power to which a fixed base ($a$) must be raised to produce a given number ($x$), written as $\log_a(x) = n$ which is equivalent to $a^n = x$.

Common Logarithm (اللوغريتم المعتاد)

A logarithm with a base of $10$, often written as $\log(x)$ without explicitly stating the base.

Cartesian Plane (المستوى الديكارتي)

A two-dimensional coordinate system formed by the intersection of a horizontal line ($x$-axis) and a vertical line ($y$-axis) at a point called the origin $(0,0)$.

Linear Equation (المعادلة الخطية)

An equation of the first degree (such as $y = mx + c$) that produces a straight line when plotted on a graph.

Simultaneous Equations (المعادلات الآنية)

A set of two or more equations with the same variables where the goal is to find values for the variables that satisfy all equations at the same time.

Chord (الوتر)

A straight line segment whose endpoints both lie on the boundary of a circle.

Tangent (المماس)

A straight line that touches a circle at exactly one single point and is perpendicular to the radius at that point.

Cyclic Quadrilateral (الشكل الرباعي الدائري)

A four-sided polygon whose four vertices all lie on the circumference of a single circle.

Difference of Two Squares (الفرق بين مربعين)

An algebraic identity involving the subtraction of two squared terms, factored as $a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b)$..

Quadratic Equation (معادلة الدرجة الثانية)

An equation involving a variable squared, typically written in the standard form $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$, where $a \neq 0$.

Discriminant (المميز)

The value calculated as $D = b^2 - 4ac$, used to determine the nature and number of roots for a quadratic equation.

Arithmetic Mean (الوسط الحسابي)

The average of a set of data, calculated by dividing the sum of all values ($\sum x$) by the total number of values ($n$).

Median (الوسيط)

The middle value in a dataset when the values are arranged in ascending or descending order.

Mode (المنوال)

The value that appears most frequently in a given set of data.

Cylinder (الأسطوانة)

A three-dimensional solid figure with two parallel circular bases connected by a curved surface.

Volume of a Cylinder (حجم الأسطوانة)

The measure of space inside a cylinder, calculated as $V = \pi r^2 h$, where $r$ is the radius and $h$ is the height.

Volume of a Sphere (حجم الكرة)

The measure of space occupied by a sphere, calculated using the formula $V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3$.