APES Chapters 1, 6, and 7 Review

John Muir

preservation, protest, reserve

Gifford Pinchot

conservation for beauty and usefulness, head of US forest service

Henry David Thoreau

transcendentalist, Walden

Immanual Kant

Golden rule=categorical imperative; treat others the way you wish to be treated

Aldo Leopold

land ethic (preservation), be a part of nature

Jeremy Bentham

british utilitarian, promoted conservation, best action is the one that does the greatest good for all people (utilitarianism)

True

True or False: U.S. growth is at the highest it's ever been right now

Permit trading

approach using a government created market in permits for an environmentally harmful activity

NEPA

what act coincided with creation of EPA?

False

True or False: less than half of earth is used for agriculture

Environmental Science

study of how the natural world works and how the environment affects human and vice versa

Environmentalism

a social movement that tries to protect the natural world from human caused changes

ecological footprint

the environmental impact of a person or population

hypothesis

testable statement in order to answer a question or explain a phenomenon

collect observations about the problem you are trying to examine

first step to forming a hypothesis

ecology

the science that deals with the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions among them and the interactions between organisms and their abiotic environments

paradigm shift

when one dominant view is abandoned for another

biology

the study of living organisms

biodiversity

the variety of life across all levels of biological organization

sustainable development

development that satisfies our current needs without compromising the future availability of our natural capital or future quality of life

qualitative data

data NOT dealing with numbers

quantitative data

data dealing with numbers

controlled experiment

an experiment in which a treatment is compared against a control in order to test the effect of a variable

peer review

what must you do before having something published in a scientific journal?

GDP

measure of a country's economy that doesnt include external costs

GPI

measure of economy that deducts for external costs and adds for things like volunteer work and standard of living

anthropocentrism

only humans have intrinsic value

biocentrism

some nonhuman life has intrinsic value (ex: save the whales)

ecocentrism

whole ecological systems have value

anthropogenic

a person who evaluates an action based on how it impacts humans ONLY

ecological economists

people who are for revolution/revalation, economies must mirror natural systems; reduce growth, steady state

environmental economists

people who are for reform to address external costs

economics

the study of how people use resources to provide goods and services in the face of demand

culture

knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people

worldview

a person/group's beliefs about the meaning, operation, and essence of the world

late 1700s in England

where and when did the industrial revolution start?

pollination, nutrient cycling, water purification

examples of ecosystem services

Teddy Roosevelt

president famous for protecting California wilderness in the early 1900s

Transcendentalism

the belief that nature is a manifestation of the divine

triple bottom line

environmental protection, economy, social justice

triple bottom line

main goal of environmental policy

help solve international issues (environmental, social, cultural, humanitarian)

role of the UN

UNEP

environmental arm of the UN

case law

what type of law court decisions make up

statutory law

law made by the legislative branch

Administrative Agencies

incharge of enforcing and elaborating on statutory law

Takings Clause (5th amendment)

prohibits the actual taking of someone's property and all the use of the economic property unless done with compensation

regulatory taking

depriving private land of its economic use

western expansion and resource extraction

theme of 1st wave of environmental policy

conservation

theme of 2nd wave of environmental policy

NEPA, Rachel Carson/Silent Spring, DDT, pollution

theme of 3rd wave of environmental policy

NEPA

established council on environmental quality, requires EIS

Environmental impact statement

required for any federal action or federally funded project that might significantly impact the environment

revolving door

movement of officials from private sector into the government

conventions/treaties

where does most environmental international policy arise from

World Bank

fund economic development in all countries but esp. in poorer nations (developing)

unsustainable development

what is the WB criticised for

can overturn national policy if the laws are seen as a barrier to free trade

Why the world trade organization had been criticized for environmental policy

protest, lobby, fund campaigns, vote, petitions

ways the public can impact govt policy

independent variable

one thing that is not controlled in controlled experiment

good science

lots of data, control all variables

bad science

not a lot of data

Cornucopians

the belief that the earth will always have enough resources to provide for humanity and the rest of nature

Cassandras

theory that our population will get so large that at some point the earth's resources will be depleted

sue, command and control, through the market (green taxes/subsidies)

3 ways to approach environmental policy

command and control

an approach in which a regulatory agency sets rules or limits or prohibits actions with punishment as a result of not following

They both deal with what we value

How are ethics and economics related?

green taxes

taxes on environmentally harmful activities

subsidy

a government giveaway of cash or resources to encourage a particular activity

World Trade Organization

represents multinational corporations by promoting free trade

cap and trade

an emissions trading system in which the government sets pollution levels and issues permits

sulfur dioxide

with what chemical did cap and trade work?

emissions trading system

allows businesses to buy/sell/trade permits