Molecular Biology

Matter is composed of

atoms

what are atoms linked by

bonds

atoms are made up of

protons neutrons and electrons

Electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons or pull them closer together

Ionic Bond

complete transfer of electrons from one atom to antoher

Ionic bonds exist between

ions or charged atoms

Covalent Bond

the sharidng of atoms with similar electronegativity

Non Polar Bond

Equal Sharing of electrons or very similar electrongeavitiy

Polar Bond

Unequal sharing of electrons

Hydrogen Bonding

Molecule must have hydrogen covalent bonded to N O or F

Same hydrogen must also be attracted to antoher electronegative atom

H Bonds can be both

Intramolecular and Intermolecular

Van Der Waals

Weak Temporary attaraction between atoms or molecules in clsoe proximity

why does van der waal occur

due to uneven distribution of electrosn in a molecule at any give time

Water

Highly polar moleucle

why is water a Excellent Solvent

Water is an excellent solvent due it being able to interact with opposite charges in polar or ionic molecules

what does water do when excellent solvent

surround with hydration shell

High Heat Capcity

amount of heat needed to raise temp of water is very high

what is the temperature of water

very stable

Water is Dense

Water is denser as a liquid than as a solid

what does water being denser as liquid allow

allow ice to flow

why can water float as ice

in Ice H-bonds become rigid and form crystal that keep moleucles seperate and further apart allow it to float

Cohesion

attraction between water molecules due to h bonds

What does strong cohesion allow for

Surface Tension

Adhesion

attraction betwen water and non water substances

What does cohesion and adhesion allow for

Capillary action

Capillary Action

ability of liquid to flow without external forces against gravity or help water to flow upward through plant

Mineral

Inorganic ions found intracelluary and extracellulary

Vitamins

Organic Micromoleucles that are either water soluble or fat soluble

Fat Solubke

Excess deposidted in body fat

what can a lot of fat soluble vitamins lead to

toxicity

Types of fat soluble

Vitamin A D E K

Vitamin A

Visual Pigment and epithelial maintence

Vitamin D

Regulate calcium levels by promoting absorption from intenstine

how is vitamin D synthesized

UV light striking the skin

Vitamin E

Antioxidant that neutralize free radicals

Vitamin K

Blood Clotting

Water Soluble

Excess not stored in the body acid

Types of Water Soluble Vitamins

B and C

Vitamin B

coenzyme or precursor to coenzme

how many group of vitamin B are there

8

Vitamin C

importantn for collagen synthesis

What does defeciency in Vitamin C lead to

Scurvy

Dehyrdation Synthesis

Process by which monmoers combine

what does dehydration create

water moleucle

Hydrolysis

process buy which water is used to break polymer linkages

Carbohydrate function

energy storage and strucure molecule

Linkage of Carbohydrate are either a

alpha or beta

alpha linkage

U

Beta Linkage

U and upside down U

Alpha Linkage Carbohydrates

Starch and Glycogen

Alpha linkages has

branched long chains

Beta Carbohydrate

Cellulose and Chitin

Beta Polymer has

no branching linear polysachaird

Strach

store energy in plants

Glycogen

store energy in animals

Cellulose

Strucutre in plant cell wall

Chitin

Structure in fungi cell walls and arthopod exoskeleton

Chitin Contian

Nitrogen Atoms

Humans can not cleave

beta glyosidic linkages

What animals can and why

cows can due to bacteria in gut

Lipids

Non polar hydrophobic molecule

Function of lipids

insulation energy storage cell strucuter endocrine molecule

Monomer of Lipid

hydrocarbon

Polymer of Lipid

hydrocarbon chain

lipids are not true polymer

because htey lack repeating monomer unit

Linkage type of lipids

carbon carbon bond

Triglyceride

Three non polar fatty acid chains attached to by glycerol backbone

Glycerol

is a 3 cabron molecule

Saturated

No double bonds

what do saturated fat form

straight chains

what do unsaturated fat form

kinked chain

unstaturated fat

no doubles bonds

unsatruated stack

loosely and do not form fat plaques

Phospholipid

two fatty acids and a phospohate group attached to glycerol backbone

Amphiphatic

has both hydrophillic and hydrophobic properties

Phosphate head is

Polar

Fatty Acid Tail is

Hydrophobic

Phospholipids form a

bilayer in water

Steroids

four joined hydrocarbon rings

Steroid can form into

hormones cholesterol vitamin D and bile acid

Porphyrin

4 joined pyrrole ring with a central metal atom

Chlorophyll contains a in the middle

Mg

hemoglobin contains a in the middle

Fe

Porphyrins are

hydrophobic and associated with membrane but are not true lipids

Cold Temperature of Cell membrane

Cells add cholesterol and unsaturated fat to prevent stiffness

Hot Temperature of Cell Membrnae

cell add cholestrol and saturated fat to prevent fluidity

Cholesterol prevents

excess membrane fluidity and rigidity

Proteins

strucutral molecule, storage, transport, immunity, and motor function

how do proteins bind

peptide bonds

Primary Structure

linear sequence of animo acids connected by peptide bonds

What is primary structure determine by

mRNA sequence

Secondary Structure

3D shape that fords alpha helixz and beta sheet

What is secondary structure bonded by

hydrogen bonding between amino and cabroxyl groups of ajacent amino acids

Tertiary Structure

interaction between amino acid and R group

Interactions of tertiary strcutre include

H bond, ionic bond, hydrophobic effect, disulfide bond, and Van der Waals

Quaternary Strucuter

3D structure that rise from multiple protein subunits joining together

Proteins are only macromoleucles if

they involve disulfide bonds and sulfur atoms

Protien Denaturation

loss of 3D structure

what does protein denaturation lead to

loss of protein function

what strucutre does protien have after denature

primary structure