Population Dynamics and Demographics Review

A comprehensive set of flashcards to help review key concepts about population dynamics, demographic transitions, model implications, and social consequences related to population changes.

What are the social consequences of higher population density?

Higher population density generally leads to better access to educational and healthcare services, more restaurants, and increased economic and social opportunities.

How does population density affect home prices and taxes?

Areas with higher population density tend to have higher taxes and more expensive products compared to less densely populated areas.

What is carrying capacity?

The maximum population size that an environment can support without causing damage.

What does a population pyramid represent?

A population pyramid shows the demographic composition of a population, including age and sex distribution.

What are the three main categories of age ranges in a population pyramid?

1. Pre-reproductive years (ages 0-14), 2. Reproductive years (ages 15-44), 3. Post-reproductive years (ages 45 and above).

What is the Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?

It represents the number of live births per 1000 people in a population within a given year.

What does the Crude Death Rate (CDR) signify?

It signifies the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population within a year.

How do you calculate the Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?

NIR is calculated by subtracting the CDR from the CBR.

What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

What is considered the replacement rate for TFR?

A TFR of 2.1 is considered the replacement rate.

What is the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

How does access to education impact population growth?

Better access to education generally leads to a decrease in TFR, IMR, NIR, and an increase in life expectancy.

What are Pronnatalist policies?

Policies designed to encourage people to have more children and larger families.

What are Antinatalist policies?

Policies aimed at reducing birth rates in a society.

What characterizes stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model?

High CBR and CDR, resulting in low NIR, with a population primarily engaged in subsistence agriculture.

What is unique about stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model today?

No countries are currently in stage 1, all have moved further along the demographic transition.

What does a 'top-heavy' population pyramid indicate?

It indicates an aging population, which could lead to increased healthcare usage and declining tax revenue.

How do urban centers impact population growth?

Urban areas often experience population growth primarily through migration, rather than by natural birth.

What happens during stage 2 of the demographic transition?

High CBR continues, but CDR decreases, leading to a significant increase in NIR and population boom.

What are common traits of countries in stage 2?

Countries like Afghanistan have high CBR, decreasing CDR, and a majority of the population in pre-reproductive and reproductive years.

What is Zero Population Growth (ZPG)?

A condition where the CBR and CDR are essentially equal, resulting in a zero NIR.

Which countries exemplify stage 4 of the demographic transition?

Countries like the United States and China.

What demographic effects arise from increased female education and workforce participation?

Lower TFR and IMR, demonstrating a decline in population growth rates.

What does the Dependency Ratio represent?

The number of dependents (children and elderly) that each working-age person must support.

How do migration patterns relate to economic opportunity?

Migrants often pursue economic opportunities, and this movement can significantly influence demographics.

What is the difference between Child Dependency Ratio and Elderly Dependency Ratio?

Child Dependency Ratio involves individuals aged 0-14, while Elderly Dependency Ratio involves individuals aged 65 and older.

What leads to an increase in the NIR in societies?

Access to better healthcare and education generally leads to increased life expectancy, reducing IMR and TFR.

What does the Epidemiologic Transition Model focus on?

The causes of death and how they change with the stages of the Demographic Transition Model.

What is the first stage of the Epidemiologic Transition Model characterized by?

High mortality rates from pestilence, famine, and infectious diseases.

What major shift occurs from stage 2 to stage 3 in the Demographic Transition Model?

A decline in both CBR and CDR, leading to more moderate NIR and smaller family sizes.

What is a Neo-Malthusian perspective?

The belief that population growth will outstrip resources and lead to scarcity and conflict.

What are the potential effects of pronatalist policies on a society?

Encouragement of larger families, which can alleviate issues of an aging population.

What are some examples of countries with high NIR?

Countries like Afghanistan and certain regions in Sub-Saharan Africa.

What pattern of migration does the Gravity Model demonstrate?

Migration flows are influenced by the population size at the origin and the distance to the destination.

What are Ravenstein's Laws of Migration primarily based on?

The observation that most migration happens for economic reasons, often undertaken by young adults.

What does a 'counter-stream' in migration refer to?

When migration to a new place creates connections back to the original location.

Why is migration important in urban areas?

It leads to population growth and cultural diversity.

How can government policies impact migration?

By regulating immigration based on economic needs and cultural priorities.

What are some effects of urbanization on population dynamics?

Urbanization leads to the development of economic opportunities which attract migrants.

How does improved medical technology affect population growth?

It leads to increased life expectancy and a reduction in both CDR and IMR.

What is the impact of traditional gender roles on TFR?

Countries with rigid traditional gender roles often see higher TFRs due to limited opportunities for women.

How does the aging population affect infrastructure?

An aging population can strain healthcare systems and reduce tax revenue.

What is the significance of analyzing demographic characteristics?

It provides insights into the social, economic, and cultural factors shaping a society.

What does it mean if a population pyramid is 'bottom-heavy'?

It indicates a population with a high percentage of young individuals, suggesting potential future growth.

Why do women’s rights and education influence population growth rates?

Empowerment and education of women lead to delayed childbirth and smaller family sizes.

What happens to the population in a society with a TFR below 2.1?

The population size will likely decrease over time.