NUTR 5350 Food Culture and Health Quiz 2

Entomophagy

The practice of eating insects.

Pollution

introduction of a contaminant into a natural environment

-aldehydes (Emissions from motor vehicles)

-hydrocarbons (form harmful gasses like ethylene and methane)

Examples of contaminants

-interfere with plant and animal enzyme systems.

-cause changes at the cellular level> lead to changes in phy structure

-cause growth retardation in living organisms

-lead to acute, immediate tissue degeneration.

(Each of these factors can be measured to determine the effect of pollution on plants, animals, and humans)

effects of pollution

-acid gases (fluorides, sulfur dioxide, chlorine)

-products of combustion (ethylene, acetylene, carbon monoxide, propylene)

-products of reactions in the air (ethylene, peroxyacetyl nitrate)

-miscellaneous effluents (sewage, liquid waste)

4 groups of pollutants

-pesticides

-insecticides

-fungicides

-herbicides

-chemical fertilizers

- odors (from fertilizers, fuels, and methane gas released by animals)

-Smoke (from farm equipment and when burn the land.

-dust accumulates (during plowing and harvesting)

-Allergenic pollens

-waste (produced by livestock and/or the processing of livestock and disposal of other chem products)

Agriculture pollutants

Runoff pollution

rain and/or water that flows off of land in to streams, lakes, rivers etc. It's considered a major hazard to human health. This can enter into the water supply and is contaminated by nitrates

-also comes from animal manure. Farmers apply manure during the winter and sometimes ground freezes and when the ice melts, runoff penetrates the water supply

Point source runoff

controlled runoff; farmers can treat the water from a field that is channeled through a pipe to a river or stream

non-point source runoff

-runoff that cannot be controlled; occurs during monsoons or heavy storms. excess water is able to exit the field through many points

-leading source of water quality problems on surveyed rivers and lakes

-second largest source of damages to wetlands, and is also a major contributor to contamination of surveyed estuaries and ground water.

blue baby syndrome

The illness that occurs when we have too much nitrates in our water, especially in children; can progress rapidly to cause coma and even death.

Farmers use chemicals on crops, this leads to groundwater pollution. the farmers then use the same groundwater to water the crops. The polluted water evaporates, and the rain becomes polluted, increasing agricultural pollutants

pollution affects the water cycle

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

one of the most widely accepted standards of measurement of the existence of hunger. When exceeds 50, this means over 50 babies per 1000 live births die in their first year of life.

Chronic undernutrition

-when an individual consumes fewer kcal and less protein than the body needs.

-starts chain rxn of low resistance, unclear thinking, and poor productivity

-is the most basic, widespread and least recognized form of huger. (is unobserved, undramatic, and continuous)

malnutrition

term to describe a diet that has a deficiency, or an excess, of specific nutrients that are vital to good health. leads to deficiency diseases when undernutrition is the problem and to chronic illness when overnutrition exists. biggest risk factor for illness worldwide

malabsorptive hunger

-occurs when the body isn't able to absorb nutrients from the food that's been eaten.

-is a secondary type of malnutrition, often due to parasites in the intestinal tract that interfere with absorption.

-common in areas where water is contaminated and absence of medical care.

seasonal hunger

occurs annually before each harvest, when the food from the last harvest runs out. Until the new crops come in, people may be hungry for weeks or even months at a time.

people often enter the harvest season too weak to cope with the heavy physical work demand.

famine

- widespread lack of access of food that occurs when drought, flood, or war disrupts food availability.

- generally occurs in countries lacking the institutional capacity for bad weather or political disruption.

- is very dramatic and thus the most visible hunger, receiving much media coverage, but it only accounts for a small fraction of hunger related deaths

"normal hunger" (undernutrition, malnutrition, or malabsorption)

overwhelming majority of hunger-related deaths are caused by...

iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin A

mostly women and children, are deficient in one or more of the four essential micronutrients:

food security

- access by all people at all time to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.

- two aspects: ensuring that adequate food supplies are available and ensuring that households whose members suffer from undernutrition have the ability to acquire food, either by producing it themselves or by being able to purchase it.

food insecurity

- state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

- once seen as a problem of overpopulation and inadequate food production, but now many people recognize it as a problem of poverty.

- food is available, but not accessible to the poor who have neither land nor money

- also a product of poverty resulting from the ways in which governments and businesses manage national and international economies

high import costs and low export profits often pushes a developing country into international debt that can lead to bankruptcy. Large and growing debt can slow or halt a nation's attempt to deal effectively with its problems of local food insecurity

International trade and debt causing food insecurity

corporations and large landowners control the fertile farmlands leaving little fertile land for the local farmers. The poor who labored to grow these foods have less food and resources than when they farmed the land for their own use. farmers cannot compete with these lower-priced imported foods

Multinational corporations and food insecurity

By 2050, the population of the world may reach 9 billion; a family depends on the children to cultivate the land, secure food and water, and provide for the adults in their old age. With ongoing poverty, parents choose to have many children to ensure that some will survive to adulthood representing the "social security" of the poor.

overpopulations and food insecurity

GOBI effort

- part of the Child Survival campaign set forth by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.

- has made outstanding progress in reducing the number of hunger-related child deaths.

- acronym highlights the four essential elements of this campaign: Growth charts, Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), breast milk, and immunization

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

involves the administration of a simple solution that mothers can make, using locally available ingredients. Mothers are also provided with sugar and salt packages to be mixed with boiled water. Sanitary water must be used because contaminated water perpetuates this infection-diarrhea cycle