unit 9 and 10 diseases

ambylopia

impaired vision in one or both eyes resulting from a developmental deficiency in early childhood; also known as a "lazy eye"

blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelid, resulting in redness, swelling, and crusting along the eyelid

cataract

clouding of the lens that results in decreased visual acuity; caused by accumulation of protein in the lens

chalazion

a small, hard, cystic mass on the eyelid caused by a blocked oil gland

dacryocystitis

blockage, inflammation, and infection of a nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac

diabetic retinopathy

a complication of diabetes marked by damage to the retina that can result in loss of vision

ectropion

eversion of the eyelid, which often leads to redness, pain, and corneal breakdown; generally associated with aging

entropion

inversion of the eyelid, causing the eyelashes to irritate the surface of the eye; can potentially cause corneal abrasion

glaucoma

disease in which intraocular pressure causes damage to the retina and the optical nerve, eventually producing blindness

hordeolum

purulent inflammation of an eyelid gland; commonly known as a sty

macular degeneration

progressive, usually age-related, deterioration of the macula that leads to vision loss

nystagmus

repetitive, usually involuntary movements of one or both eyes that results in limited visual acuity

refractive disorders

any of multiple disorders in which an irregularly shaped cornea or lens does not allow light rays to focus properly on the retina, resulting in blurred vision

astigmatism (As.)

defective curvature of the cornea that produces blurred vision; may be present with nearsightedness or farsightedness

hyperopia (Hy)

condition in which a defect results in light rays focusing behind the retina rather than directly on it; causes images up close to appear blurry; farsightedness

myopia (My)

elongated eyeball, nearsightedness

presbyopia (Pr)

hyperopia caused by an age-related reduction of elasticity in the lens

retinal detachment

emergency condition in which the retina separates from the layer of blood vessels that supports it

strabismus

misalignment of the eyes caused by weakened eye muscles; also known as crossed eyes

esotropia

form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward

exotropia

form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn outward

vitreous floaters

common condition in which small specks, squiggly lines, or hair-like strands appear in the field of vision due to shrinkage and detachment of collagen fibers in the vitreous humor

acoustic neuroma

benign tumor arising from the auditory nerve

cholesteatoma

a cyst in the middle ear consisting of skin cells and cerumen (earwax)

deafness

loss of the ability to hear

conductive deafness

hearing impairment resulting from inadequate sound-wave conduction from the outer ear to the ossicles of the middle ear

nerve deafness

deafness resulting from damage to the cochlea or the auditory nerve; also called the sensorineural hearing loss

impacted cerumen

accumulation of cerumen (earwax) inside the ear that can lead to infection or hearing loss

Ménière's disease

chronic disorder of the labyrinth of the inner that causes vertigo, or a sensation of spinning

otalgia

pain in the ear; earache

otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear

otomycosis

a fungal infection of the external auditory canal. "Swimmers ear"

otosclerosis

hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear

presbycusis

age related hearing loss

tinnitus

sensation of noises in the ears when no sound is present

vertigo

the sensation of dizziness

ageusia

loss of taste (gustatory loss)

anosmia

absence of the sense of smell, also called anosphrasia

dysgeusia

distortion of the sense of taste. A condition in which the gustatory sense is impaired, resulting in one of two responses: an unpleasant taste sensation where previously the taste sensation was pleasant, or the perception of a taste sensation when no stimulus is present

hyperosmia

an abnormally heightened sense of smell

hyposmia

reduced ability to smell

neuropathy

a disease of the nerves that involves pain or loss of sensation, most commonly in the extremities

fluorescein angiography

radiographic imaging of blood vessels (of the eye with fluorescing dye)

Ishihara Color Vision Test

test for color blindness in which a person looks at a number of circular patterns (called plates) made up of dots that vary in size, color, and brightness

ophthalmoscopy

visual examination of the interior of the eye

slit lamp microscopy

examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification

visual acuity test

part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart (Snellen ) at a distance of 20 feet

visual field test

measurement of the area within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head

audiometry

measurement of hearing

otoscopy

visual examination of the ear

pneumatic otoscopy

procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure

tuning fork tests

screen for both function of the auditory nerve and ability of ear structures to conduct sound waves to the inner ear

precision nerve exams

A group of neurological exams in which five different kinds of responses are evaluated for abnormalities in the central and/or peripheral nervous system.

extinction

a test that determines a patient's ability to perceive sensation

graphesthesia

test in which the patient is instructed to close the eyes and identify a number or letter written on the hand with a pen

pain and light-touch sensation

test in which the patient lies supine with eyes closed and identifies an object as "sharp" or "dull" when the object is pressed against the skin

position sense

move fingers or toes passively and ask patient to indicate direction

stereognosis

ability to recognize objects by feeling their form, size, and weight while the eyes are closed

antibiotic

drug that fights or prevents bacterial infections

laser therapy

the surgical or therapeutic use of devices that generate concentrated beams of light

laser photocoagulation

procedure in which a laser is used to seal or eradicate retinal tears or leaking blood vessels in the retina

LASIK (laser in situ keratotomy)

procedure in which an ultraviolet laser is used to correct refraction errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism

phacoemulsification (phaco)

a type of eye surgery performed to restore vision in cataract patients

surgery

treatment by manual or operative methods

cochlear implant

an electronic device that is surgically implanted in the inner ear to restore the sense of hearing

enucleation

surgical removal of the entire eyeball

keratoplasty

surgical repair of the cornea

myringotomy

Surgical incision in the tympanic membrane of the ear. This is done to insert an ear tube or to culture the ear for pus.

scleral buckle

suture of a silicone band to the sclera over a detached retina

vitrectomy

surgical removal of the vitreous humor

anxiety disorders

A group of mental disorders that share the core characteristic of anxiety (excessive worry, nervousness, or uneasiness)

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive worry that is not restricted to specific situations or objects; often associated with physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, chest pain, tremors, sweating, nausea, or headaches

obsessive - compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

panic disorder (PD)

Disorder characterized by sudden, recurring attacks of intense anxiety and fear; includes physical symptoms that imitate a heart attack, as well as a general sense of loss of control.

phobia

Exaggerated fear of a specific object or situation that causes anxiety and panic

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, illness, or injury that triggers persistent thoughts and memories of the experience.

developmental disorders

A group of mental disorders characterized by disruption of normal development during childhood.

attention-deficit/hyper activity disorder (ADHD)

Chronic mental disorder in which a person is frequently distracted, is hyperactive, and displays a lack of impulse control.

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Developmental disability characterized by difficulty communicating with others and focusing beyond oneself; inability to maintain eye contact; motor activity that is repetitious; and preoccupation with small objects. commonly diagnosed by the age of three.

dyslexia

A learning disorder characterized by difficulty in recognizing and comprehending written language. Affects reading and spelling abilities as well as self-expression.

intellectual disability (ID)

Condition of below-average intelligence resulting in the inability to develop skills necessary for daily living.

eating disorders

A group of mental disorders characterized by an unhealthy focus on weight and food.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

mood disorders

A group of mental disorders marked by depression that may alternate with periods of elation

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes

depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

a mood disorder caused by the body's reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months

psychotic disorders (psychoses)

a group of mental disorders characterized by loss of touch with reality, hallucinations, and delusions

postpartum psychosis

A mental condition marked by psychotic symptoms in a mother following the birth of her child; characterized by confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, delusions, obsessive thoughts about the infant, paranoia, sleep disturbances, and/or attempts to harm the infant or self.

schizo affective disorder

A mental disorder that produces distorted thought processes and emotional perceptions; characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and/or periods of unresponsiveness.

substance-abuse disorders

Mental disorders resulting from abusive use of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or toxins;

Alzheimer's disease(AD);

marked by progressive, irreversible memory loss; deterioration of intellect; speech and gait(movement) disturbances; apathy; and disorientation.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A disease marked by muscular weakness and atrophy with involuntary contractions and excessive reflexes; caused by the degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and in the brain's medulla and cortex.

astrocytoma

malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells)

aura

A subjective sensation that often occurs before a migraine or seizure.

consisting of flashing lights, numbness, tingling, or a peculiar odor prior to a seizure.

Bell's palsy

Unilateral (one-sided) paralysis of the nerves that control the facial muscles, causing one side of the face to droop. Usually temporary.

brain tumor

Any intracranial mass, which may be neoplastic (a new growth), cystic (a sac containing fluid), or inflammatory (an abscess)

cerebral aneurysm

Abnormal, localized (limited to one area) dilation of a blood vessel in the cerebrum.