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Heredity
The passing of traits from parents to offspring.
Genetics
The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
A molecule that carries genetic information in cells.
Gene
A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait.
Locus
The location of a gene on a chromosome.
Polyploid
Having more than two sets of chromosomes.
Asexual reproduction
The production of offspring from a single parent; offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
Sexual Reproduction
The production of offspring from the fusion of two sex cells; offspring have a different genetic makeup from either parent.
Fragmentation
A method of asexual reproduction where a piece of the parent organism develops into a new individual.
Mitosis
The process by which a eukaryotic cell divides its genetic material into two identical nuclei.
Interphase
The stage where the genetic material is duplicated before cell division.
Chromatin
The tangled strands of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus.
Sister chromatid
The identical copy of a single chromosome that is attached to the original chromosome.
Cytokinesis
The process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new daughter cells.
Cloning
The process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another.
Biotechnology
The use and modification of organisms for applications in various fields.
Genetically Modified Organism
An organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering.
Gamete
A sex cell, including sperm and egg cells.
Fertilization
The process of forming a zygote by the fusion of two gametes.
Zygote
The cell produced by the fusion of two gametes.
Meiosis
A two-stage cell division resulting in gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
Homologous Chromosomes
Matching pairs of chromosomes with similar size and gene information.
Tetrad
A pair of homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids.
Synapsis
The physical pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Crossing Over
The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes.
Gametogenesis
The process of producing gametes in animals.
Spermatogenesis
The production of mature sperm cells.
Oogenesis
The production of mature egg cells.
Karyotype
The sorted arrangement of chromosomes according to size and type.
Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine the sex of the offspring.
Autosomes
Non-sex chromosomes.
Non-disjunction
The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.
Trisomy
A chromosomal abnormality having three homologous chromosomes instead of a pair.
Monosomy
A chromosomal abnormality with a single chromosome instead of a pair.
Down syndrome
A chromosomal abnormality with three copies of chromosome 21.
Prenatal Testing
Testing for genetic disorders before birth.
Turner syndrome
A condition with one X and no Y sex chromosome, leading to female appearance without maturation.
Klinefelter syndrome
A condition with two X and one Y sex chromosome, causing male sterility.
Patau syndrome
Trisomy of chromosome 13, leading to serious developmental issues.
Edwards syndrome
Trisomy of chromosome 18, often resulting in organ system defects.
Maternal Inheritance
Inheritance of cytoplasmic DNA from only the female gamete.
Paternal Inheritance
Inheritance of cytoplasmic DNA from only the male gamete.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
The transfer of genetic information from one species to another.
Endosymbiotic Theory
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from aerobic bacteria.
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
Inheritance based on genetic material found in cellular cytoplasm.
