BIOEWW

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Outer boundary of the cell; separates the cell from the external environment; regulates what goes in or out of cell

Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

Clear fluid filling the cell in which organelles are suspended

Nucleus

Contains the genetic material; controls the activities of the cell; surrounded by nuclear membrane; has LINEAR DNA (bacteria have a loop of DNA/plasmid in a nucleoid region instead)

Nucleolus

Found within the nucleus; site where ribosomes are made

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

"Intracellular highway"; system of transport tubules within the cell. Smooth ER = no ribosomes. Rough ER = with ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Location where proteins are assembled; most numerous organelle; can be free-floating or attached to ER

Golgi Apparatus

Packaging and processing organelle; proteins are modified and prepared for export

Mitochondria

"Powerhouse" of the cell; location where ATP is made by aerobic respiration

Lysosome

Contain digestive enzymes; break down foods and worn out cell parts; only in animal cells

Peroxisome

Small, membrane-bound; contain toxic peroxides that are safely broken down

Cytoskeleton

Provides shape and support for the cell; made of microtubules and microfilaments (long fibrous proteins)

Vacuole

Storage organelle; stores materials and wastes. Animal = many small vacuoles. Plant = single large central vacuole.

Centrioles

Aid in cell division; only in animal cells

Cell Wall

Found outside cell membrane; provides support. Plant = made of CELLULOSE. Bacteria = made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN.

Vesicle

Any general membrane-bound sac found within a cell (ex: secretory vesicle, lysosome, peroxisome, endosome, transport vesicle)

Chloroplasts

Contain chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis; only in plant cells

Chromoplasts

Contain accessory/antenna pigments that aid in photosynthesis; only in plant cells

Leucoplasts

Store starch; only in plant cells

Which cell types have a Cell Membrane?

All cells: Animal ✓, Plant ✓, Bacteria ✓

Which cell types have a Nucleus?

Animal ✓, Plant ✓ — Bacteria ✗ (have nucleoid region instead)

Which cell types have Ribosomes?

All cells: Animal ✓, Plant ✓, Bacteria ✓

Which cell types have ER / Golgi?

Animal ✓, Plant ✓ — Bacteria ✗

Which cell types have Mitochondria?

Animal ✓, Plant ✓ — Bacteria ✗

Which cell types have Lysosomes?

Animal ✓ only — Plant ✗, Bacteria ✗

Which cell types have a Cell Wall?

Plant ✓ (cellulose), Bacteria ✓ (peptidoglycan) — Animal ✗

Which cell types have Chloroplasts?

Plant ✓ only — Animal ✗, Bacteria ✗

Which cell types have Centrioles?

Animal ✓ only — Plant ✗, Bacteria ✗

Which cell types have Vacuoles?

Animal ✓ (many small), Plant ✓ (one large) — Bacteria ✗

Aerobic Respiration Equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP (Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy)

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

In the MITOCHONDRIA

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (Carbon dioxide + Water + Light → Glucose + Oxygen)

Where does photosynthesis occur?

In the CHLOROPLASTS (only in plant/algae cells)

What is a Vesicle?

Any general membrane-bound sac found within a cell

What is the difference between Smooth ER and Rough ER?

Smooth ER has no ribosomes; Rough ER has ribosomes attached

What makes prokaryotes different from eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes (bacteria) have no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA/plasmid, and peptidoglycan cell walls