IB History Move to Global War

The Munich Agreement

When: September 30th 1938

What: An agreement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy that allowed German Annexation into the Sudetenland.

Significance: It was basically a move just to keep peace because Hitler threatened to start a European war

The Sudetenland

The Sudetenland was majority german but was incorporated into Czechoslovakia because the Treaty of Versailles took the sudetenland away from Germany and when Hitler came to power he demanded that he get it back

Appeasement

What: The Munich Agreement

Why: Britain, France and Italy did not want to go to war

Consequences: Hitler very quickly realized their world power and everyone's fear of going to war so they capitalized

Rome- Berlin Axis

When: October 1936

What: A coalition between Italy and Germany which came about because Britain and France ditched Mussolini after the invasion of Abyssinia so Hitler Slid into Mussolini's DM's and they became homies, This led to the pact of steel. J will come in later.

Italy withdraws from LON

The Hoare Laval Pact

When: December 1935

What: A secret offer to Mussolini to have most of Ethiopia by British Foreign Secretary Samuel Hoare ( what a hoare) and British Prime Minister Pierre Laval as a move to gain relations back with Italy. They got EXPOSED and Hoare got fired

Rhineland

When: Like 1936-39 ( at least that's what the notes say)

What: Germany is being extra per usual and thinks the buffer between France exposes them and takes action by 36', Italy is a little salty about this but Germany says if France would have acted the Germans would have lost

Significance: Germany successfully took over the Rhineland and it did two things, 1: Germany is going to do as they please and no one would do anything because world powers hoped it would just keep Germany calm 2: Made it clear Germany would dominate world affairs

Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact

When: Aug 23 1939

What: German initiate secret talks with the Soviet Union

German do anything diplomatically in Europe that did not formally belong to the Soviet Union, Secret parts of act that showed parts of poland observed back into Russia

Signed Aug 23 1939 right before declaration of war sept 1 without fear of Soviet Union invasion

Anschluss (Forced Union of Germany and Austria)

When: 1934

What: Failed attempt in 1934; Germany boycotted Anschluss goods and raw material severely weakened Anschluss economy, already had been strained by the Great Depression; In June 1936 Italy promised this time wouldn't interfere due to the Abyssinian Crisis

The Pact of Steel

When: May 22, 1939

What: Strengthens the Rome-Berlin Axis

Germany and Italy would follow similar, closely coordinated Foreign policies,Support the other in war, Make war plans together, Work together economically, Coordinate their press, news,& other propaganda

The Wal Wal Incident

A small battle between Abyssinia and Italy in 1934 when Italy was trying to invade, about 150 soldiers died

Abyssinian Crisis

When: 1934-35

What: Mussolini turned to foreign adventures to distract the Italian people from home struggles. Abyssinia was almost only part of Africa not under European control. They had tried to conqueror before but now with Mussolini's colonial ambitions was was being planned.

Skirmish between Somali garrison and Ethiopian troops started the crisis

I builds into Ethiopian border

Halle Stressae went to LON and gave speech, but nobody did anything.

October 1935: I invades

Nov 7th 1935: the LON declares that I violated Article 12 of covenant, and imposes economic sanctions (not on oil or Suez Canal though)

Significance: League failed to rein in Italy and they continued supplying armies and invading Abyssinia

May 5th, 1936: I enters Addis Ababa

The Stresa Front

When: April 1935

What: Great Britain, France, and Italy met in Stresa Italy to form a common diplomatic front against Germany because they tried t9 annex Austria. All 3 condemned Germany to rebuild military and agreed to work together. Though Great Britain and Germany signed a naval treaty without telling France nor Italy. In turn, Italy and France felt betrayed and spoke about possibility of mutual cooperation in case of war.

Why: In response to Germany move to annex austria and announcement of rearmament

Danzig

Taken away from germany through the treaty of versailles and germany wanted it back ( also known as the Polish Corridor)

The Polish Corridor

A strip of german land given independence through the 1919 treaty of versailles

The World Disarmament Conference 1932

When: 1932-33

What:Delegates met in Geneva and there were calls to reduce armies and Germany was still under Treaty in '32.

Significance:Unsuccessful. Germany would only disarmen if every nation did the same or they would increase armaments to French level. French would not let Germany rearm or disarm themselves.

The Rearmament of Germany and its Impact

When: After Stresa so 1933-34

What: Conscription(like draft), construction 2500 air craft, expansion of navy, mass production of guns and utilities

Impact: Stresa Front with GB, F, I. France will seek allies that are strong(GB) but they will say no so France looks to Soviet Union and sign Franco Soviet Treaty (May 1935). Everyone is just scared and like rushing to find allies.

Blitzkrieg

German term for "lighting war"

Polish-German Non-Aggression Pact (1934)

When: Jan 1934

What: Poland was actually more powerful than Germany. They didn't want to be drawn in with Germany because of there support of France. This pact had Poland and Germany each state that they would not attack each other for 10 years.

Significance: Germany recognized Poland's borders and agreed to strengthen diplomatic discussion, Increased trade(Germany didn't have to worry about Poland and WEAKENS FRANCE), Strengthened Poland's confidence in standing up to the Soviet Union and gave poland permission to have troops in East in case Soviet Union invasion

Anglo-German Naval Treaty

Basically Germany's navy could not be bigger than london/ GB's

Appeasement

Great Britain Policy of working with Germany to ease Treaty of Versailles(Did not want war at all) The basically permit Austria to be absorbed by Germany. This is often viewed as giving in to Hitler to avoid war.

U.S Embargo of 1940

What: The U.S stopped selling oil and scrap metal to Japan because they were occupying Indo-China

Embargo of 1941

What: the U.S response to Japan occupying Northern Indo-China and the U.S froze all of Japan's assets ( stocks and ish) in addition to continuing to halt oil sales to Japan AND writing a $240 million dollar grant to China

Significance: The U.S basically told Japan to kick rocks, U.S was one of the only countries to speak out against Japan, this also highkey lead to Pearl Harbor

Lytton Report

Date:1931

What: after an investigation of the Invasion of Manchuria the Lytton commission released a report in 31' as to why it started. This was given to the League of Nations ( basically a worthless group but whatever) that blamed both China and Japan for the invasion of Manchuria

Who are the KMT?

Also referred to as the National People's Party under Chiang Kai-Shek who are in power from 1929-1931 and refer to themselves as the official government of China

Mau leader of communist party

Marco-Polo Incident

Date: 1937

What: Japanese forces were near the Marco-Polo bridge and demanded entry into wanping, Chinese forces declined and the two sides started firing.

Significance: Historians pinpoint this as the start of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)

What: The founder of the KMT and expelled communists from his party, He was the recognized leader of China who went to war with Japan and when Nanjing was taken he fled and moved the government to Taiwan where just like any good ruler suppressed the people.

Significance: He was kind of a dopeish leader who tried to fight back against Japan with the help of Germany and the U.S ( you don't need to know this but modern economic relations between China and Germany started with him)

Tripartite Pact

Date: September 1940

What: A defensive alliance signed between Germany, Italy, and Japan following the attack on pearl harbor and the start of WWII

Significance : This led to the Axis front, Also tried to deter the U.S from entering the war but we all know how that went

Manchurian Crisis/ The Mukden Incident

Date: 1931

What: An explosion near railroad tracks in city of Mukden damaging a part of it. Japan used this an an excuse to occupy Manchuria as they claimed they were going to help Manchuria become independent (B.S)

Japan established Manchukuo as it's puppet state in the end

Sino-Japanese War

When: 1895

What: Japan and China had beef because both of them wanted Korea so Japan decided it was best to demonstrate China's weaknesses on the world stage

Significance: Marked the beginning of Japan as a world power as well as started Korea's route to global trading

The Stimson Doctrine

When: January 1932

What: A statement saying the U.S would not recognize and treaties or territorial changes between China and Japan that impaired US rights under existing treaties. Stimson was Secretary of State.

The Nanking Massacre (Rape of Nanking)

When: January 1938

What: As japanese soldiers made their way to and through China's capital of Nanjing there were brutal killings of men, women, children and soldiers. Japanese soldiers would have competitions to see how many people they would behead and how many women they could rape

Significance: This one is self explanatory

U.S Embargo of 1940

What: The U.S stopped selling oil and scrap metal to Japan because they were occupying Indo-China

League of Nations Covenant: Incidents proven ineffective and why?

Every country was for themselves

Everyone wanted to keep peace so countries like Italy and Germany were allowed to do whatever they wanted

They were supposed to operate off of collective security, that did not happen

Disarmament was highly advocated for but was not followed through

Why Did Hitler Feel It Was Necessary To Rearm?

Hitler feared the spread of communism and stuff

What War The World Reaction To Remilitarization of The Rhineland?

France: did not intervene because their border wasn't invaded

GB: told france IF germany attacked they'd back them up

Every other country: ....

What was Britain and France's Response to Italy's Annexation of Albania?

Hitler was successful in remilitarizing the Rhineland and his success made it easier for him to develop closer relationships with possible allies such as Italy and Japan. Ex: The Rome-Berlin Axis.

Why did Italy join WWI?

Italy benefited economically as they increased isolated markets and gained relations with germany

Anti-Comintern Pact

France & Britain did nothing because they recognized there was nothing they could do ( nobody wanted to go to war)

The aims of the Hossbach Conference

Britain and France were forced to go to war with Italy. They were preoccupied with G and Poland though. Greece and Yugoslavia want pieces of Albania

The Dynamics of Anschluss (Germany's Annexation of Austria)

Italy realized that their alliance with the Central Powers was not gaining them any territories so they hopped on the war bandwagon

Arthur Seyss-Inquart

To be in charge of the police and jailed all of the Nazi party (oop). Hitler then denounces Austrian Independence and takes over

The Sudeten Crisis

When: September 1938

What: Now that hitler had some power again he demanded that all ethnic germans be returned to as land of Germany. The munich agreement made this possible. Hitler also used this to test if Britain or France would do anything to stop him

Poland's Significance

Hitler said poland would bring Lebensraum (living space) for german people

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER of the 1930's

German Occupation of The Rhineland 1936 (March 7th)

Anschluss March 1938

Sudetenland invaded in october 1938

Invasion of Poland September 1939

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

1st Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895

Conquest of Indo-China September 1940

Conquest of Indonesia 1942

2nd Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945

Attack of Pearl Harbor December 1941

Polish German Non-aggression Pact:

P does not want to be drawn into conflict with G in support of FR (for 10ish years good until of course G invades P)

Carlsbad Program:

G autonomy in Czechoslovakia

In 1938 Chamberlin and F decide Sudetenland should go to G

G enters Sudetenland Oct 1 1938

Munich Conference:

September 1938

Agree to allow G to annex certain parts of Sudetenland

Japanese Military

Tosheiha- improve gov not destroy it

Sakurakai and Kohona want big corporations to change government

Zoulin declares Manchuria independent

Kwantung Army supports Tosheiha and assassinates Zoulin (1928)

Shanghai Massacre:

Jan 29th, 1932- major offensive against Shanghai. Many killed.

2nd Sino-Japanese War:

(1937-1945):

(1937-1945):

J launches two diff invasions in C

Hull Notes:

Increase pressure on Japan Nov. 26th, 1941.

He demands all troops removed from IndoChina and China

End participation in Tripartite Alliance

Two weeks later Pearl Harbor; Dec. 7th, 1941.

Polish Crisis:

1938-1939. G requested negotiations with Poland about linking rail and road links. P said they weren't willing to negotiate any territory nor Danzig.