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Population Genetics
The study of genetic variation within populations, and involves the examination of the changes in gene frequency in a population.
Molecular Genetics
A field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level.
Transcription
The process by which a segment of DNA is copied into RNA, specifically messenger RNA (mRNA).
Translation
The process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins from mRNA sequences.
Start Codon
A specific codon (AUG) that signals the start of translation, indicating where protein synthesis begins.
Gene Therapy
A technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or prevent disease by inserting, altering, or removing genes.
Chronic Kidney Disease
A long-term condition where the kidneys do not work effectively, leading to a gradual loss of kidney function.
Dialysis
A medical treatment that artificially removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys fail.
Genetic Code
The set of rules by which genetic information is translated into proteins by living cells.
Phenotype
The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by genetic makeup.
Genotype
The genetic laws of an individual organism.
Chromosomes
Structures within cells that contain DNA and carry genes; humans have 46
Proteome
The entire set of proteins that is produced or modified by an organism or system.
Amino Acids
Organic compounds that combine to form proteins; the building blocks of proteins.
Codons
A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
