Video Notes Review: Science Branches, Process Skills, Tools, States of Matter, and Mixtures

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes, including branches of science, science process skills, laboratory tools and safety, states of matter, and mixtures.

Branches of science

The three main subdivisions: physical sciences, Earth sciences, and life sciences.

Pure science

Theoretical study of natural phenomena without immediate practical applications.

Applied science

Develops practical uses of scientific knowledge.

Physical sciences

Study of nonliving matter; includes chemistry and physics.

Earth sciences

Study of the Earth, including geology, meteorology, seismology, etc.

Life sciences

Study of living organisms, their internal functions, and organisms’ structures.

Chemistry

Study of the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter; subfields include organic, inorganic, nuclear, and biochemistry.

Organic chemistry

Chemistry dealing with carbon-containing compounds and their properties.

Inorganic chemistry

Chemistry dealing with inorganic compounds, often non-carbon-containing substances.

Nuclear chemistry

Chemistry focused on nuclei, radioactive processes, and nuclear reactions.

Biochemistry

Chemistry of living systems, focusing on the chemical processes within organisms.

Physics

Study of matter and energy, including light, sound, electricity, magnetism, and radiation.

Geology

Study of Earth's origin, history, and structure, including rocks and soil.

Paleontology

Scientific study of prehistoric life based on fossils.

Meteorology

Study of the atmosphere and weather processes and forecasting.

Seismology

Study of earthquakes and seismic waves through Earth.

Astronomy

Study of celestial bodies and phenomena outside Earth's atmosphere.

Biology

Study of living organisms and their vital processes.

Botany

Study of plants and their properties and life phenomena.

Zoology

Study of animal life and its processes.

Observation

Using senses to notice and describe phenomena.

Inference

A conclusion or deduction drawn from observations.

Hypothesis

Tentative explanation with a condition and a prediction; testable claim.

Condition (in hypothesis)

Observation or situation that serves as the basis for a hypothesis.

Prediction

A statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is tested.

Independent variable

The variable deliberately changed in an experiment (manipulated variable).

Dependent variable

The variable measured in an experiment (responding variable).

Constant variable

Variables kept the same to ensure a fair test (control variables).

Control group

The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment.

Experimental setup

The arrangement of materials and procedures that includes the manipulated variable.

Fair test

An experiment that changes only one variable at a time while keeping others constant.

Scientific method

Systematic process of problem solving: identify problem, form hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, collect and interpret data, conclude.

Careful judgment

Relying on facts and reliable information rather than jumping to conclusions.

Curiosity

Desire to know why and how things happen; drives scientific inquiry.

Intellectual honesty

Reporting findings truthfully and giving credit to sources.

Objectivity

Recording observations and data accurately and interpreting them based on evidence.

Patience

Willingness to spend time to obtain accurate results.

Resourcefulness

Finding alternative methods or materials to solve problems.

Rationality

Belief that events have reasons supported by evidence; relying on proof.

Bunsen burner

A common laboratory heating instrument used with a flame.

Microscope

Instrument to magnify small objects; includes optical and electron types.

Optical microscope

Light-based microscope that uses transmitted or reflected light.

Electron microscope

Microscope that uses electron beams for high magnification.

Revolving nosepiece

Rotating part that holds objective lenses and allows switching magnifications.

Low-Power Objective

Objective lens with lower magnification for initial focusing.

High-Power Objective

Objective lens with higher magnification for detailed viewing.

Stage

Platform where the slide is placed for viewing.

Eyepiece (Ocular)

Lens you look through to see the magnified image.

Coarse adjustment knob

Knob used for large, quick focusing on low magnification.

Fine adjustment knob

Knob used for precise focusing, especially on high magnification.

Energy

Capacity to do work or produce change; involved in phase changes during heating/cooling.

Phase change

Transition of matter from one state to another (solid, liquid, gas) due to temperature/pressure changes.

Melting

Solid to liquid when heated.

Freezing

Liquid to solid when cooled.

Vaporization

Liquid to gas when heated; includes evaporation and boiling.

Condensation

Gas to liquid when cooled.

Sublimation

Solid to gas skipping the liquid phase.

Deposition

Gas to solid without becoming liquid first.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances where each retains its own properties.

Homogeneous mixture

Uniform composition; components are not easily distinguished (e.g., saltwater, air).

Heterogeneous mixture

Non-uniform composition; distinct components are visible (e.g., salad, beach sand).

Solution

Homogeneous mixture where a solute is dissolved in a solvent; components are not easily distinguished.

Solute

Substance dissolved in a solvent.

Solvent

Substance that dissolves another substance (the solute).

Concentration

Amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent.

Miscible

Two liquids that dissolve in each other in any proportion.

Immiscible

Two liquids that do not mix with each other.

Suspension

Heterogeneous mixture with larger particles that settle out over time.

Colloid

Mixture with dispersed microscopic particles; particles are too small to settle quickly and may show the Tyndall effect.

Tyndall effect

Light scattering by colloidal particles, helping identify colloids.

Emulsion

Type of colloid where droplets of one liquid are dispersed in another liquid.